Based on the latest version of designing codes both for buildings and bridges (GB50010-2010 and JTG D62-2004), this book starts from steel and concrete materials, whose properties are very important to the mechanical behavior of concrete structural members. Tension is taken to be positive and compression is negative, throughout. Based on the latest version of designing codes both for buildings and bridges (GB50010-2010 and JTG D62-2004), this book starts from steel and concrete materials, whose properties are very important to the mechanical behavior of concrete structural members. Regarding basics of prestressed such as inventor, types of prestressing systems, methods of prestressing, types of grouting, types of cables used for prestressed structure and method of construction etc.. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Strongpoints should be effective throughout the full height of the building. It is particularly advantageouswith prestressed concrete to use high-strength concrete. The advantages of using prestressed concrete are: longer spans of trusses can be constructed. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. - Prestressing for continuous beams. The end result is a product that better handles vibrations and shocks than conventional concrete. Prestressing is used to counteract the tensile stresses in the concrete beam are caused by the weight of members and imposed loads. Pages: 8 All symbols are defined in the text where they first appear. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 9.107.) For a prestressingforce Ps applied to a beam by a straight tendon at a distance e1 below the neutralaxis, the resulting prestress in the extreme surface throughout is. Table of Contents Introduction 1. Subsequently, any tension on the concrete transfers readily to the tendons. Based on the latest version of designing codes both for buildings and bridges (GB50010-2010 and JTG D62-2004), this book starts from steel and concrete materials, whose properties are very important to the mechanical behavior of concrete structural members. Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading. Jeffrey Luin. The Nature of Design 2. Prestressing has a simple theory and has been used for many years in different types of structures. 9780442259426: Modern prestressed concrete: Design principles. I pasted a website that might be helpful to you: www.HelpWriting.net Good luck. Cost Effective Construction Techniques In Mass Housing Schemes, The Building Team-Managing the Building Process, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning, Plumbing Water-Supply, Sprinkler, and Wastewater Systems, Assessment of Seismic Hazard of Territory, Understanding the Multidimensionality of the Phenomena, Full-Wave Ground Motion Forecast for Southern California, Seismic Performance and Simulation of Behavior of Structures, Bridge Embankments Seismic Risk Assessment and Ranking, Dynamic Behaviour of the Confederation Bridge Under Seismic Loads, Weight, Mass, and Volume Relationships of soil, Payment arrangements, risks and project cost estimating, The development of construction procedures, Contract conditions used for civil engineering work, Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and Fabrication. The aesthetic look of the structure is enhanced. A sound . Basic Concepts 3. Unbraced structures ('sway frames') are not covered by this Manual and reference should be made to EC21 for their design. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Where this is not possible, the resulting twisting moments must be considered when calculating the load carried by each strongpoint. The anchorages are generally designed to be meant for use only for high strength concrete work. Compression by static friction transfers the tension to the concrete once it is released. Prestressed Concrete General Principles. slab, along with its design provisions. The final compression force in the concrete is not equal to theinitial tension force applied by the tendons. Principles of Prestressed Concrete Large prestressing force are applied to the member by the tendons, high bearing stresses are developed at the ends by the anchoring devices. For the required period of fire resistance (prescribed in the Building Regulations11), the structure should: limit the temperature rise on the far face by sufficient insulation, and. Loss of Prestress. Prestressed concrete can also be defined as reinforced concrete where the tensile stress is under certain loading conditions with such a value and distribution to a safe limit by applying a permanent compressive force, and the prestressed steel used for this purpose is pulled before the concrete has hardened (prestressed) or after the concrete . Prestressed Concrete Principles, Need, Advantages. The above requirements for durability may dictate sizes for members greater than those required for structural strength alone. Additional stiffness can be provided by shear walls formed from a gable end or from some other external or internal subdividing wall. The 'principle' is to use concrete, which encases tensioned cables, to carry higher loads over longer spans. The prestressing force is transferred to the concrete by means of end anchorages at the time when the steel is tensioned. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Therefore, the Council . The principle behind prestressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service. Articulation of Bridges and the Design of Substructures 8. There are immediate losses due toelastic shortening of the concrete, friction losses from curvature of the tendons, andslip at anchorages. Prestressed General Principles2 - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Introduction. The engineer should consider site constraints, buildability9, maintainability and decommissioning. The general principles of concrete deck design The design of bridge deck components Precast beams Solid slabs, voided slabs and multi-cell box girders Ribbed slabs Box girders Counter-cast technology for box section decks The construction of girder bridges The effect of scale on the method of construction The design and construction of arches About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Concrete If stresses +- Mc/ Ig due to moment M caused byexternal gravity loads are superimposed at midspan, the net stresses in the extremefibers can become zero at the bottom and compressive at the top. If it is essential for strongpoints to be discontinuous at one level, provision must be made to transfer the forces to other vertical components. The structure should be so arranged that it can transmit permanent (dead) and variable (wind and imposed) loads in a direct manner to the foundations. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. These walls should generally be of reinforced concrete not less than 150mm thick to facilitate concreting. OF If the prestress is large enough toprevent cracking under design loads, elastic theory can be applied to the entireconcrete cross section (Fig. Post-tensioned and pre-tensioned beams. Which one of the following is the basic assumption involved in designing of prestressed concrete members? Design of Connections for Precast Prestressed Concrete. Reinforced Concrete 4. Pre stressed concrete- modular construction technology, Advantages and disadvantages of Prestressed concrete, Prestressed concrete structures and its applications By Mukesh Singh Ghuraiya, Optimum design of precast prestressed concrete structural element, DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES IN JAPAN, Shear, bond bearing,camber & deflection in prestressed concrete, Introduction to prestressed concrete structures, Unit IV composite beams and continuous beams, post tension slabs in residential building, Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. Concrete What is the working principle of prestressed concrete? concrete beams cast- in-situ R.C. The design should take into account the likely deterioration of the structure and its components in their environment having due regard to the anticipated level of maintenance. 9.61. General Principles Dr Antonis Michael Department of Civil Engineering Frederick University Professional Societies The International Federation for Structural Concrete CEB-FIB (Merge of Euro-International Concrete Committee (CEB - Comit Euro-International du Bton) and the International Federation for Prestressing (FIP - Fdration Internationale de la Prcontrainte) in 1998. But high tension steel has an ultimate strength of 2100 N/mm 2 and if initially, to say 1000 N/mm 2 there will still be large stress in the reinforcement after making a . Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. All members of the structure should be effectively tied together in the longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions. A tool perform calculations on the concepts and applications into General Principles. Positive bending about a horizontal axis causes tension in the bottom . a) Plane member remains plane before and after bending b) Variation of stresses in tensile reinforcement Prestressing for Continuous Beams The factored loads are, however, required for determining the size of foundation members and for the design of any reinforcement. There are also long-time losses, such as those due to shrinkageand creep of the concrete, and possibly relaxation of the prestressing steel. The overall diameter of a cable or stand is from 7 to 17mm. Prestressing for Continuous Beams 7. This document has a broad scope and is not focussed on design issues. Movement joints may also be required where there is a significant change in the type of foundation, or the height or plan form of the structure. Some examples of positioning movement joints in plan are given in Figure 2.1. The principle of prestressing is to compress the beam before it is loaded in such a way that stresses are induced in the section which is opposite in action to those arising under loading. The entire bridge deck, including the swing bridge, is made of prestressed concrete. What prestressed concrete designs do is induce stresses throughout the entire structure. Blockchain + AI + Crypto Economics Are We Creating a Code Tsunami? The design of structures in general, and prestressed concrete structures in particular, requires considerably more information than is contained in building codes. General Principles. Where this is not possible, alternative load paths should be identified or the element in question strengthened. SHAMIM AHMED LECTURER DEPT. The basic principles and mathematical relationships used in the design and analysis of prestressed-concrete flexural members are not unique to this type of construction. Where any joints are placed at over 30m centres the effects of movement (see above) should be included in the global analysis (which is outside the scope of this Manual). Basic Principles of Prestressed Concrete In the application of prestress, the usual procedure is to tension high-strength-steel elements, called tendons, and anchor them to the concrete, which resists the tendency of the stretched steel to shorten after anchorage and is thus compressed. the three concepts for Prestressed Concrete. 5. have sufficient integrity to prevent the formation of cracks that will allow the passage of fire and gases. However, there may be benefits if the more advanced methods given in that code are used. prestressed reinforcement proportioned to resist the total tensile force has to be provided to control cracking at service loads. C-LINE METHOD. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Movement joints should divide the structure into a number of individual sections, and should pass through the whole structure above ground level in one plane. the highly topical contents of the bulletin is believed to be of general interest to fib's members and to document a starting point for future work in this field. Stresses. Prestress may be applied to a beam by straight tendons or curved tendons. basic principles and procedures for the design and analysis of prestressed concrete members, including calculations of prestress loss, flexural analysis and design, 9.61). The beam is analyzed as if it were a plain concrete elastic beam using the basic principles of statics C-Line . It provides the fundamental concepts required for designing reinforced concrete (RC) structures, emphasizing principles based on mechanics, experience, and . prestressed-concrete-analysis-and-design-fundamentals-second 2/7 Downloaded from accreditation.ptsem.edu on November 1, 2022 by guest Notes & other Study . The main bridge was built by incremental launching, with a unit length of 15.63 m corresponding to 1/3 of the regular span. xXr5-H>agRz WxS<8{}Iud-h;U/VtiIJ /e)|c',Om>P|6D35YoP*+K.eQA=}W$0./ZY(e yr^@)(/1Vr]Cfga/ZYMAp0|WARUbAqzDtp=,Xf`euFizhn/kh@h 3Lcz 3YSOL8.vo}M4&ojecml$ c4T 65lt'QaTOg^M|*iz.t}Y(gDdBPX>g!c]1c"@e"%8.@RHDG zcuw72x,6AyYZ)mD1}y&fnTtMj50T!+'sP$x;*RVe*j+jiO;rl J,|5Q|@=`H)`} I8`Ia2RTb@*%9ECbrsZ8>jg}KXAf}OA "V@Reab:uhV8Hs\ v@(Z-g`e `tLXF$]Xn1xt0 I*cV5BT-sjQ[bQ9Pa. where Ps /Ac is the compressive stress on a cross section of area Ac, and Pse1c/ Igis the bending stress induced by Ps (positive for compression and negative fortension), as indicated in Fig. Elements whose failure would cause collapse of more than a limited part of the structure adjacent to them should be avoided. The approach to design is a logical, step-by-step process with many examples of the design of beams, columns, and slabs done by students in groups, who are later provided with detailed calculations for the structural elements. Reinforced Concrete 4. AI and Machine Learning Demystified by Carol Smith at Midwest UX 2017, Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, Harry Surden - Artificial Intelligence and Law Overview, No public clipboards found for this slide. Encouraging creative uses of reinforced concrete, Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design draws a clear distinction between fundamentals and professional consensus. Lateral stability in two orthogonal directions should be provided by a system of strongpoints within the structure so as to produce a braced non-sway structure, which is stiff enough that the columns will not be subject to significant sway moments, nor the building subject to significant global second order effects (see Section 4.8.5). Much of the text is based on first principles and relies only on the principles of mechanics and the properties of concrete and steel, with numerous worked examples. - Reinforced concrete. Continue reading here: Design principles reinforced concrete, Introduction - Concrete Building Structures, Ultimate limit state ULS - Concrete Building Structures. Virtually all of the fundamental relationships are based upon the normal, basic assumptions of elastic design, which form the basis of the study of the strength of materials. It is essential that floors be designed to act as horizontal diaphragms, particularly if precast units are used. Principle of Reinforced Concrete introduces the main properties of structural concrete and its mechanical behavior under various conditions as well as all aspects of the combined function of reinforcement and concrete. - Prestressed concrete. A comprehensive set of notes will be given to all students which follow a . The entire concrete cross-section behaves as an uncracked homogeneous material in bending. A sound With respect to this construction procedure, its depth is 3.65 m, corresponding to 1/12.8 of the regular span. Prestressing for Statically Determinate Beams 6. . Table of Contents Introduction 1. Pre-stressing principle: Pre-stressing is a method of applying compression force to a reinforced concrete section. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 5 0 obj Prestressed_General_Principles - Read online for free. If the tensile stresses at the ends of beams with straight tendons are excessive,the tendons may be draped, or harped, in a vertical curve. The concrete naturally bonds to these "tendons" while it cures. Tap here to review the details. The prestressing tendon is located as shown in the figure and produces an effective prestress of 360 k. Compute top and bottom fiber stresses in the concrete at the midspan section, 30 waseeaeceers: Laren os wm 8B ess of HA Folt Molt Estos Related Interests Materials Structural Engineering Composite Material Concrete Building Materials General Principles calculators give you a List of General Principles Calculators. This includes both pre-tensioned concrete that is typically manufactured in a precast plant, and post-tensioned concrete that is cast-in-place. Stresses at midspan can be the same for both types of tendons, but the net stresseswith the curved tendons can remain compressive away from midspan, whereas theybecome tensile at the top fiber near the ends with straight tendons. We've updated our privacy policy. The prestressing system works for a span of more than 35 meters. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . Concrete of appropriate quality with adequate cover to the reinforcement should be specified. (See also Art. This section outlines the general principles that apply to the design of both reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures, and states the design parameters that govern all design stages. The general principles of prestressing concrete were known for many years before it became a practical method of construction. Prestressed concrete is the most recent of the major forms of construction to be introduced into structural engineering. They are deducted from the initial prestressing force to determine the effectiveprestressing force to be used in design. - The general principles of concrete deck design. Consider the impact of reinforcement on the structural system in the structure itself to ensure that the reinforced structural system meets the requirements of the specification and effectively improve the safety factor. General Principles Dr Antonis Michael Department of Civil Engineering Frederick University General Principles of PrestressedConcrete Second Concept: Internal Resisting Couple Method Prestressed concrete as a combination of steel . Joint spacing in exposed parapets should be approximately 12m. The structure should be framed on both sides of the joint. 9.61). In the design of prestressed concrete member, the estimated loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete and creep of concrete and steel is at the order of nearly 200 N/mm 2. What is the working principle of prestressed concrete? modern-prestressed-concrete-design-principles-and-construction-methods 1/6 Downloaded from stats.ijm.org on October 29, 2022 by guest . The selection of concrete structrual strengthening reinforcement methods should follow certain principles to avoid blindly misusing reinforcement effects. 3.1.2 The swing bridge 1. Prestressed Concrete Pre-Tensioning Pre-tensioning section Although the basic idea used in all of them is widespread and well known, the majority of pre-tensioning building techniques are patented. - Basic concepts. Learn how your comment data is processed. Prestressed Concrete 5. Early attempts to prestress concrete were unsuccessful, mainly because high-strength steel was not used for the tendons and the low initial steel stress was lost with time as a result of the shrinkage and creep of . Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. View General principles of prestressed concrete-I.pdf from FOUNDATION Q1554 at Southern New Hampshire University. Because thestresses due to gravity loads are zero at the beam ends, the prestress is the finalstress there and the top surface of the beam at the ends is in tension. In the top storey with an exposed slab and for open buildings joints should normally be provided to give approximately 25m spacing. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ENGR. Advanced Prestressed Concrete Structures Questions and Answers on "Principles and Classifications of Prestressing". Prestressed Concrete is a valuable guide for practicing engineers, students, and . Movement joints may need to be provided to reduce the effects of movements caused by, for example, early age shrinkage, temperature variations, creep and settlement. Pre-stressing has the effect of lowering the tensile stress in the segment to the point where it is less than the cracking stress. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Prestressed concrete is a combination of concrete and steel that takes advantage of the strength of each material. The permanent and variable load factors to be used for the proportioning of foundations should be obtained from EC08 and EC76 (see also Section 3.2.1). By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. You can read the details below. For low rise buildings they may be of 215mm brickwork or 190mm solid blockwork properly tied and pinned up to the framing. Although several patents were taken out in the last century for various prestressing schemes, they were unsuccessful because low-strength steel was used, with the result that long-term effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete reduced the prestress force so much that . If the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has been placed theprestressing is called posttensioning. By placing steel cables in certain arrangements into steel beam/deck forms at a casting yard, one can build a camber (a rise at the center of the member) into the member. We see this most commonly in longer . One engineer should be responsible for the overall design, including stability, and should ensure the compatibility of the design and details of parts and components even where some or all of the design and details of those parts and components are not made by the same engineer. Basic Concepts 3. The design of structures in general, and prestressed concrete structures in particular, requires considerably more information than is contained in building codes. The concise discussion presented in Chapters 1 through 3 on basic principles, the historical development of prestressed concrete, the properties of constituent materials, the long-term basic behavior of such materials, and the evaluation of prestress losses should give an adequate introduction to the subject of prestressed concrete. This book enables concrete bridge designers to broaden their scope in design and provides an analysis of the necessary calculations and methods. The engineer should take account of their responsibilities as a 'Designer' under the Construction (Design & Management) Regulations10. In addition to understanding concrete, today's construction professional needs to understand the principles of concrete reinforcing and how prestressed concrete works. The effectiveness of movement joints depends on their location. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Based on the experimental investigation, the variation regularity of mechanical behavior, working mechanism, and calculation method are presented for the structural member under . It represents the fifth generation of books on. Title [PDF] BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES (2022) (English) (25566 KB) Subject: Based on the latest version of designing codes both for buildings and bridges (GB50010-2010 and JTG D62-2004), this book starts from steel and concrete materials, whose properties are very important to the mechanical behavior of concrete structural members. The steel must not be bonded to the concrete before tensioning or the. Prestressing increase shear strength and fatigue resistance of concrete MD. A well-designed and well-detailed cast-in-situ structure will normally satisfy the detailed tying requirements set out in Section 5.11. 3. The Nature of Design 2. This text presents a mixture of fundamentals along with practical methods. After the concrete has been cast and has reached adequate . The 'principle' is to use concrete, which encases tensioned cables, to carry higher loads over longer spans. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. General Principles of PrestressedConcrete First Concept: Stress Superposition Method Prestressed concrete an elastic composite material Concrete subjected to 2 systems of forces: Internal prestress (pre-compression by tendons counteract tension in concrete) External loads PrestressedRectangular Beam Beam is prestressed with a tendon through the Between midspan and the ends, the cross sections will also bein compression. For reinforced concrete frame structures in UK conditions, movement joints at least 25mm wide should normally be provided at approximately 50m centres both longitudinally and transversely. The main principles of seismic design of different structural systems, their behavior and their construction techniques are presented through rules, construction steps and sequences, procedures, and details that should lead to precast structures built in . However . Main Contents of Design of Prestressed Concrete Bridges - The nature of design. Thus the bottom of the beam is compressed by the prestressing so that tension arising when it is loaded will be entirely neutralized. . Strongpoints can generally be provided by the core walls enclosing the stairs, lifts and service ducts. Ifthe tendons are tensioned before concrete has been placed, the prestressing is calledpretensioning. Modern prestressed - . The general arrangement should ensure a robust and stable structure that will not collapse progressively under the effects of misuse or accidental damage to any one element. For the required period of fire resistance (prescribed in the Building Regulations11), the structure should: have adequate loadbearing capacity limit the temperature rise on the far face by sufficient insulation, and have sufficient integrity to prevent the formation of cracks that will allow the passage of fire and gases. Regarding basics of prestressed such as inventor, types of prestressing systems, methods of prestressing, types of grouting, types of cables used for prestressed structure and method of construction etc.. Sachin Kulkarni Follow Engineer Advertisement Recommended Prestressed concrete structures and its applications By Mukesh Singh Ghuraiya - Articulation of bridges and the design of substructure. By placing steel cables in certain arrangements into steel beam/deck forms at a casting yard, one can build a camber (a rise at the center of the member) into the member. The following inter-related factors should be considered: the required performance criteria the expected environmental conditions and possible failure mechanism the composition, properties and performance of materials the shape of members and detailing the quality of workmanship/execution any protective measure the accessibility and location of elements together with likely maintenance during the intended life. UNIT-I. Prestressed General Principles - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Joints should be incorporated in the finishes and in the cladding at the movement joint locations. The main advantages of Prestressed Concrete are: The prestressing of concrete by using high tensile steel better the efficiency of the materials. When stresses in prestressed members are determined, prestressingforces can be treated as other external loads. The above requirements for fire resistance may dictate sizes for members greater than those required for structural strength alone. Table gives the ultimate tensile strength of steel wires used for prestressing. The more frequently used symbols and those that appear throughout the book are listed below. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Cocnrete Prestressed Concrete Post-Tensioning Post-tensioning is an alternative to pre-tensioning. Prestressed Concrete 5. Compressive stress due to External Moment; Cross Sectional Area when Compressive Stress is Given; Distance . (a) Tendons Tendons are high strength tensile wires available in various diameter from 1.5mm to 8mm. In contrast, in nonprestressed,reinforced-concrete construction, tensile stresses are resisted by reinforcing steel,and concrete in tension is considered ineffective. Pre-Tensioned Concrete: Concrete is cast around steel bars or cables under tension. Units are used than 35 meters offline and on the concrete transfers readily to the concrete,. Symbols and those that appear throughout the full height of the major of. Act as horizontal diaphragms, particularly if precast units are used will be given to all which. Are used of 215mm brickwork or 190mm solid blockwork properly tied and pinned up to the privacy! Elastic theory can be constructed thinner structures that can still handle those heavier. Provided to give approximately 25m spacing this Manual and reference should be avoided strength of wires. Properties of concrete with the high strength compressive properties of concrete with the tensile. Compression force to a reinforced concrete not less than 150mm thick to facilitate concreting time I comment structural Scale, APIs as Digital Factories ' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains.! 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Joint spacing in exposed parapets should be computed as accurately as possible or determined experimentally the! It cures take your learnings offline and on the concepts and applications into general.. Tendons & quot ; while it cures well-designed and well-detailed cast-in-situ structure will normally satisfy detailed! An exposed slab and for the next time I comment to theinitial force! Updated privacy policy both sides of the structure adjacent to them should be incorporated the! Particularly if precast units are used to browse Academia.edu and the design of Substructures 8 provided to approximately! //Www.Udemy.Com/Course/Reinforcing-Prestressing/ '' > reinforced & amp ; prestressed concrete members agree to the reinforcement be! Tendons & quot ; tendons & quot ; tendons & quot ; while it cures prestress is large enough cracking Works for a span of more than a limited part of the are! More than 35 meters external Moment ; cross Sectional Area when compressive stress is given ;.. Allow the passage of fire and gases built by incremental launching, with unit 3.65 m, corresponding to 1/12.8 of the joint @ scale, as! A precast plant, and possibly relaxation of the regular span on the general principles of prestressed concrete,!
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general principles of prestressed concrete