In 1855 Brown and his family moved back to North Elba and built the surviving home. By 1934 several of Stalin's rivals, such as Trotsky, began calling for Stalin's removal and attempted to break his influence over the party. Sigachev, I. Shevchuk, V. Khlopov under editorship of acad. New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence the same day, and declared the independent state of New York. 2000. The revolutionary New York Provincial Congress of local representatives assumed the government on May 22, 1775, declared the province the "State of New York" in 1776, and ratified the first New York Constitution in 1777. Sign up for EWG's email list to receive updates, action alerts, promotions to support our work and environmental tips. All possessions were confiscated. Just as in relation to our other cadres, I wanted Bukharin himself to lay down his arms. Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, and others were still seen as political opponents, and though the charges against them were obviously false, they could not have been rehabilitated because "for many years they headed the anti-Soviet struggle against the building of socialism in USSR". Trotsky survived the purge, though he would be assassinated in 1940 by the NKVD. Historian Gary B. Nash wrote of what was called the "General Terror of November 14":[33], But New York's plebeian element was not yet satisfied. [142], Epsom Hospital was built by the Poor Law Guardians adjacent to the workhouse on Dorking Road in 1890. He called them in 1941 "the great purges", and described how over four years they affected "the top fourth or fifth, to estimate it conservatively, of the Party itself, of the Army, Navy, and Air Force leaders and then of the new Bolshevik intelligentsia, the foremost technicians, managers, supervisors, scientists". [30] After 1611, Epsom was briefly held by the Darcy family and was then sold to Anne Mynne, the widow of George Mynne, who had bought the manor of Horton. A statue of John Brown by Joseph Pollia, placed in 1935, stands nearby. Epsom was one of the last settlements in the country to have its common fields enclosed. While New York was boycotting British imports, other colonies including Boston and Philadelphia were not. It depicts two horses - Diomed, the winner of the first Derby in 1780 and Galileo, the winner of the 2001 race. In 2012, the Calumet Investment Group bought Calumet Farm from the de Kwiatkowski Trust for more than $36 million. [78] [128] The pond in the centre of High Street, which had become polluted with waste, was filled in 1854 under the direction of the newly formed local board of health. Overall, national minorities targeted in these campaigns composed 36%[77] of the victims of the Great Purge, despite being only 1.6%[77] of the Soviet Union's population. [203] The new church was dedicated by Cormac Murphy-O'Connor in May 2001. For the next century, various attempts were made, and failed, in New York state to build an effective organization of lawyers. Charles Zebina, Johnson, William H., and Northrup, Ansel Judd. The Journal of Modern History 70.4 (1998): 813861", "The Bukovsky Archives, "A Quota for Killings", "Kurapaty (19371941): NKVD Mass Killings in Soviet Belarus | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance Research Network", "In memory of the scientist::DURNOVO Nikolai Nikolayevich", American Communists and Radicals Executed by Soviet Political Police and Buried at Sandarmokh, Hedeler, Wladislaw & Rosenblum, Nadja 2001, "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 193233 Revisited, "Pictorial essay: Death trenches bear witness to Stalin's purges", "Mass grave found at Ukrainian monastery", "Wary of its past, Russia ignores mass grave site", Stalin-era mass grave yields tons of bones, "Jewish Cemeteries, Synagogues, and Mass Grave Sites in Ukraine", "Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin's Victims", "Critics Scoff as Kremlin Erects Monument to the Repressed", "Historian James Harris says Russian archives show we've misunderstood Stalin", "The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest", Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union Terror, famine and the Gulag, "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", Case Study: The NKVD Mass Secret Operation n 00447 (August 1937 November 1938), "Documenting the Death Toll: Research into the Mass Murder of Foreigners in Moscow, 193738", General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishSoviet War, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Backwardness brings on beatings by others, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Purge&oldid=1119184761, Articles with dead external links from March 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with failed verification from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from May 2021, Articles with minor POV problems from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles needing additional references from February 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles that may contain original research from February 2022, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1937, introduction of NKVD troikas for implementation of "revolutionary justice. The colony was one of the Middle Colonies, and ruled at first directly from England. It was founded in April 2007, with headquarters in San Mateo, California. Chicago: I. R. Dee, 1993, p. 276, Chuev, Feliks. [227] The centre is managed by Greenwich Leisure Limited (GLL) under their "Better" brand. We are proud of, and enriched by, our diverse congregation, and live the progressive [254], Epsom War Memorial at Epsom Cemetery was erected in 1921 to commemorate the 256 residents of Epsom and Ewell who had died in the First World War. However, by the early 1930s, party officials began losing faith in his leadership following the human cost of the First Five Year Plan and Soviet collectivization of agriculture. The popularity of the spa declined rapidly in the 1720s as a result of competition from other towns, including Bath and Tunbridge Wells. 00447 and the two-man dvoiki (NKVD Commissar Nikolai Yezhov and Main State Prosecutor Andrey Vyshinsky, or their deputies) those arrested along national lines. [citation needed] It has been encased in glass to protect it. A long journey brings widow Brown to rest in Saratoga", "An Act to erect the town of North Elba from the town of Keene in the county of Essex", "A Visit to the Adirondack Mountains, in the summer of 1861", "John Brown's Son Writes Interestingly. The British replaced the Dutch in their alliance with the Iroquois against New France, with an agreement called the Covenant Chain. [154] The current station building was opened in 2013, following a three-year, 20M redevelopment. [83] Some scholars have called the National Operations of the NKVD genocidal. After its reoccupation, New York became the headquarters for the British army in America, and the British political center of operations in North America. ", "Amy Godine on John Brown Pilgrimages, Lake Placid Club", "Sang at Brown's Funeral and Again Yesterday (pt. Deaths: 700,000 to 1.2 million (higher estimates overlap with at least 116,000 deaths in the Gulag system): Perpetrators: Joseph Stalin, the NKVD (Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov, Lavrentiy Beria, Ivan Serov and others), Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Vyshinsky, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Robert Eikhe and others: Motive: Elimination of political opponents, consolidation Michael J. Mullin, "Personal Politics: William Johnson and the Mohawks. [19] A modern description is: "The house is a .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}2+12-story timber-framed structure, with a gable roof and clapboarded exterior. [20][21] There may also have been a villa at Epsom Court. [13] The validity of these claims is still debated by historians, however there is consensus that Kirov's death was the flashpoint where Stalin and the party took action and began the purges. Auburn. The Men Who Followed Brown in Harper's Ferry and Whose Bodies Were Laid by His at North Elba", "Shall the last resting place of John Brown be desecrated? Romain Rolland and others wrote to Stalin seeking clemency for Bukharin, but all the leading defendants were executed except Rakovsky and two others (who were killed in NKVD prisoner massacres in 1941). In 1723 they were allowed to settle in the central Mohawk Valley west of Schenectady as a buffer against the Native Americans and the French. It moved to Hawthorne Place in 1877 and, in 1889, a new building was constructed in Alexandra Road to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. He agreed to teach these skills to the Blacks. New England and the Mid-Atlantic, including the Chesapeake Bay, have a long and storied history of fishing. [18] The 1840 tithe map shows a series of narrow, regular plots along the north side of the High Street, which would be consistent with a planned, medieval settlement. The John Brown Farm State Historic Site includes the home and final resting place of abolitionist John Brown (18001859). In Moscow, the use of gas vans to kill the victims during their transportation to the Butovo firing range has been documented. ", Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, Basic Books 2010 Page 411412, "Despite the fact that the combined firepower of the Red Army was greater than that of the Germans, the Purges had effectively crippled it by destroying the officer corps. He finished his last plea with the words:[70]. [90], The 1944 Greater London Plan designated land on three sides of the town centre as part of the protected Metropolitan Green Belt, which severely limited the scope for urban expansion to the east, west and south. The one who was most directly involved in the Harpers Ferry Raid, Owen, 12 years later, after repeated attempts by a journalist, told his story once. In 1934, Stalin used the murder of Sergey Kirov as a pretext to launch the Great Purge, in which about a million people perished (see Number of people executed). When these ten-year periods elapsed in 194748 but the arrested did not appear, the relatives asked MGB about their fate again and this time were told that the arrested died in imprisonment. Instead, the Sons of Liberty blocked the roads and the leader of the tenants was convicted of treason. [98] In the 19th century, chalk was quarried and converted to lime at a site in College Road. [108] At a trial in July 1919, five men were found guilty of riotous assembly[109] and were imprisoned until November of the same year. The writer, Dorothy Osborne, who visited in 1653, complained that the water had to stand overnight to allow the sediment to settle before drinking. [71], However, a large number of people were arrested at random in sweeps, on the basis of denunciations or because they were related to, friends with or knew people already arrested. The city of New York was the seat of government and where the New York provincial assembly met.[50]. [111][note 10] Over the course of the war around 440 high-explosive bombs were dropped on the borough, 33 people were killed and nearly 200 houses were destroyed. Just the country, my first thought was, for the heroic soul of John Brown, and a proper place, too, to be the receptacle of his ashes. By Nathaniel Rich. After disproving several charges against him, one observer noted that Bukharin "proceeded to demolish or rather showed he could very easily demolish the whole case. John Thomas Lundy (J.T. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. Jan. 6, 2016; J ust months before Rob Bilott made partner at Taft Stettinius & Hollister, he received a call on his direct line from a cattle farmer. Fishing continues to define our culture today, with lobsters, sea scallops, crabs, and a variety of fish filling our menus and attracting tourists from all over the world. [33], Contrary to Brown's wish,[34][35][36] none of his family would remain long at the North Elba farm. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many Get all the fun farm facts about the Young Living Finca Botanica Farm and Distillery, including its history, what oils it produces, and what its like to visit! The fear of losing his position, the potential return of Trotsky, and the rising threat of fascism from the West[16][failed verification] goaded him into authorizing the Great Purge. WTOP delivers the latest news, traffic and weather information to the Washington, D.C. region. [39] However, the distinct chemical properties of the local water had already been recognised in the preceding decades: In 1603, local physicians had noted that the local water contained "bitter purging salt"[40] and, in late-Elizabethan times, it was thought that bathing in a pond to the west of the town centre could cure ulcers and other disorders. [255][256] Following the end of the Second World War, an additional inscription was added to commemorate those who had died between 1939 and 1945. In the new form of Party organization, the Politburo, and Stalin in particular, were the sole dispensers of ideology. Pp. [148], As of 2021, the town has three GP practices. Initially it was capable of generating 220kW of power, but by the time of its closure in 1939, its installed capacity was 2MW. The first known use of the modern spelling Epsom is from 1718. [60], The third and final trial, in March 1938, known as The Trial of the Twenty-One, is the most famous of the Soviet show trials, because of persons involved and the scope of charges which tied together all loose threads from earlier trials. The Province of New York (16641776) was a British proprietary colony and later royal colony on the northeast coast of North America.As one of the Middle Colonies, New York achieved independence and worked with the others to found the United States.. When it was replaced by a newer stone, the younger Brown moved it himself to his farm in New York. In the late 1980s, with the formation of the Memorial Society and similar organisations across the Soviet Union at a time of Gorbachev's glasnost ("openness and transparency") it became possible not only to speak about the Great Terror but to begin locating the killing grounds of 19371938 and identifying those who lay buried there. Stalin enforced a ban on party factions and banned those party members who had opposed him, effectively ending democratic centralism. [124], In some cases, high military command arrested under Yezhov were later executed under Beria. [73][74], Following the end of Roman rule in Britain, there appears to have been no systematic planning of transport infrastructure in the local area for over a millennium. The ending of the war caused a severe recession in New York. The current fire station in Church Street was opened in 1937. The club became Epsom F.C. [210][211], The landscape painter, John Constable (17761837), visited Epsom regularly between 1806 and 1812. A new governor Henry Sloughter arrived in March 1691. In May 1774 news arrived of the Boston Port Act which closed the port of Boston. New York's charter was re-enacted in 1691 and was the constitution of the province until the creation of the State of New York. During a half-day-long session a troika went through several hundred cases, delivering either a death sentence or a sentence to the Gulag labor camps. In 1698, the population of the province was 18,607. The centre includes swimming pools, two dance studios and a sports hall with four badminton courts. The last remaining croquet court was converted to a grass tennis court in 1923. [152], Epsom is linked by a number of bus routes to surrounding towns and villages in north Surrey and south London. [41] Other royal patrons included Prince George, the prince consort of Queen Anne. [99] In the 19th century, there were two breweries in Epsom - WG Bradley and Son in South Street and Pagden's in Church Street. "[45][46], In 1870 Alexis Hinckley, described as a "thin, sad man", whose wife had died, wanted to move. [93] In the 15th century, sheep farming became increasingly important and a wool fair was held in June each year until the 1870s. [234], Epsom and Ewell Harriers is a club for track and field athletes, based at the Poole Road Track in Ewell. They maintained their distinctive clothing and food preferences. [89] The award of borough status to the council in 1937, allowed it to take over running of 1500 council houses that had been built between 1920 and 1939. New Amsterdam surrendered to Colonel Richard Nicholls on August 27, 1664; he renamed it New York. As one of the Middle Colonies, New York achieved independence and worked with the others to found the United States. [34], Historian Fred Anderson contrasted the mob actions in New York with those in Boston. At around the same time, houses for the working classes were constructed in the area between the two railway lines to Sutton and Wimbledon. [18], The developed area today (2021) includes John Brown's farmhouse and barn, the exhibit "Dreaming of Timbuctoo" permanently installed on the second floor of the barn, as well as a caretaker's house and other infrastructure for visitors. The combined institution was granted university college status in 1999. Two hundred and seventy-five years after the contest, historians continue to cite the election to advance various arguments about colonial life. Directly in front, apparentlyperhaps from the thinness of the atmospherewithin two or three miles, but really much further off, looms up a rugged chain of the Adirondacks; broken, jagged[,] massive, and wonderfully picturesque. ", "Subversion in the Red Army and the Military Purge of 19371938. ", Actual video footage from Third Moscow Trial, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests, "national line" (ethnic-based) purge operations, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Soviet woman speech during the Great purge, Nikita Khrushchev speech during Great purge, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Decree about Arrests, Prosecutor Supervision and Course of Investigation, Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Family members of traitors to the Motherland, Orphans in the Soviet Union#Children of "enemies of the people", 19371945, "Children of "Enemies of The People" as Victims of the Great Purges", "The Levashovo cemetery and the Great Terror in the Leningrad region", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "Certainty, Probability, and Stalin's Great Party Purge", "Who Killed Kirov? This discrepancy was the result of a systematic underestimation of the true size of the Red Army officer corps, and it was overlooked that most of those purged were merely expelled from the Party. [77], The wives and children of those arrested and executed were dealt with by the NKVD Order No. The Province of New York was divided into twelve counties on November 1, 1683, by New York Governor Thomas Dongan: In 1617 officials of the Dutch West India Company in New Netherland created a settlement at present-day Albany, and in 1624 founded New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island. The site of the sewage farm was redeveloped and is now the Longmead Industrial Estate. [77], Although both the LSWR and LBSCR ran services along the line to Leatherhead, the two companies maintained separate stations in Epsom for 70 years. The Province of New York (16641776) was a British proprietary colony and later royal colony on the northeast coast of North America.As one of the Middle Colonies, New York achieved independence and worked with the others to found the United States.. [88], Epsom is unusual among Surrey towns, in that it underwent considerable expansion during the early modern period. The kulaks responded by destroying crop yields and other acts of sabotage against the Soviet government. Despite the promise to spare his family, Bukharin's wife, Anna Larina, was sent to a labor camp, but she survived to see her husband posthumously rehabilitated a half-century later by the Soviet state under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1988. [192][193] It is constructed from flint with stone dressings and there is a clerestory above the nave. The Sons of Liberty were in favor of resumption of a trade boycott with Britain, but there was strong resistance from the large importers. Calumet Farm has a record history of Kentucky Derby and Triple Crown winners and 11 horses in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. [80] They stress the role of international relations and believe that representatives of these minorities were killed not because of their ethnicity, but because of their possible relations to countries hostile to the USSR and fear of disloyalty in the case of an invasion. [87] The first automatic telephone exchange in the UK was opened in the town in May 1912, replacing a manual exchange dating from 1905. Particularly vulnerable to repression were also the so-called "special settlers" (spetzpereselentsy) who were under permanent police surveillance and constituted a huge pool of potential "enemies" to draw on. The LBSCR station was closed in 1929 and the LSWR station was reconstructed to increase the number of platforms to four, so that all trains passing though the town could serve it. [184] The oldest part of the current building is the flint tower, which dates from around 1450. Following the Restoration of the monarchy, there was a further increase in the popularity of racing as Epsom became established as a spa town. Backlash against industrialization and collectivization of agriculture escalated which prompted Stalin to increase police presence in rural areas. Tabidze's lifelong friend and fellow poet. [69], Epsom Playhouse opened in 1984 as part of The Ashley Centre development. The Sons of Liberty were the organizers of the opposition and in November 1773 they published Association of the Sons of Liberty of New York in which anyone who assisted in support of the act would be an "enemy to the liberties of America". Molotov Remembers. Soviet historians organize the Great Purge into three corresponding trials. [220], A statue of Emily Davison by the artist Christine Charlesworth, was installed in the marketplace in 2021, following a campaign by volunteers from the Emily Davison Memorial Project. Fishing continues to define our culture today, with lobsters, sea scallops, crabs, and a variety of fish filling our menus and attracting tourists from all over the world. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. Elections to the house of assembly were initially held whenever the governor pleased, but eventually a law was passed requiring an election at least once every seven years. During King George's War, the governor approved two assembly initiatives; that the colony's revenue be approved annually rather than every five years and that the assembly must approve the purpose of each allocation. Going beyond the respectable leaders of the Sons of Liberty, the lower orders rampaged through the town for four days. You need solutions that are more sturdy, durable, and long-lasting which ask for a lot of innovation. NKVD Order no. But we are close friends, and intellectual friendship is stronger than other friendships. [48][49], The popularity of Epsom continued to increase in the final decades of the 17th century and a regular coach service from London was established in 1684. [11], In this atmosphere of doubt and suspicion, a popular high-ranking official, Sergei Kirov, was assassinated. The assembly was determined to control expenditures for this war and only weak support was given. The American Revolution saw the departure of many leading lawyers who were Loyalists; their clientele was often tied to royal authority or British merchants and financiers. They purchased English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. The armed citizens formed a voluntary corps to govern the city with Isaac Sears's house the de facto seat of government and militia headquarters. Molotov Remembers. [citation needed] This constitution gave New Yorkers more rights than any other group of colonists including the protection from taxation without representation. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). By 1860, the club had established a new ground on Woodcote Road, on land belonging to Edward Richard Northey, and plays its home games there today. Some prisoners had smallpox, and when Indians took the scalps to their home villages, they spread a disease that killed large numbers. Brown viewed the house he had built as a place not for himselfhe lived there only 6 non-consecutive monthsbut for his wife and younger children, where they would be safe while he and his four oldest sons were in Kansas fighting slavery. [citation needed] Alexander McDougall was arrested for libel. [48] She formed a John Brown Association to oversee the preservation of what she called "John Brown's Grave and Farm", and make it accessible to visitors. In 1865 he purchased it from her, the grave site being exempted, for $800. "Interpretations of New York-New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921", "Land Speculation and Proprietary Beginnings of New Jersey", "A Meddling Royal Official: Turnout at a Famous Colonial Election in Westchester County in 1733", "The Supreme Court of the Province of New York 16741776 -= Jacob Milborne", Grant to the Lords Proprietors, Sir George Carteret, July 29, 1674, Duke of York's Confirmation to the 24 Proprietors: March 14, 1682, The King's Letter Recognizing the Proprietors' Right to the Soil and Government 1683, Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15, 1773, Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_New_York&oldid=1118456645, States and territories established in 1664, States and territories disestablished in 1776, 1664 establishments in the British Empire, 1776 disestablishments in the British Empire, Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas, Pre-statehood history of New York (state), Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from May 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from May 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles that may contain original research from April 2018, Articles needing additional references from April 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018, New York (state) articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Died March 1715. [40][42] Samuel Pepys visited in both 1663 and 1667[43][note 5][note 6] and the theologian, John Owen, took the waters in 1668. [191] Initially a temporary structure was provided until the first permanent building was opened in 1845. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (German: [han lutplt hml] (); 7 October 1900 23 May 1945) was Reichsfhrer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany.Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust.. As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I, Brown farm rich headquarters Joseph Pollia, placed in 1935, stands nearby Borough Council after `` special measures '' etc. Railway ( LSWR ) farm rich headquarters Terror and Democracy: the Palatine Germans the. Historians explain the purges pub, which were later filled in with a composite tower of the between. A chapel of ease to St Martin 's in 1843 Harris, was opened in 2003, replacing original! 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