armenian genocide denial

[177] Armenian men were often drowned by being tied together back-to-back before being thrown in the water, a method that was not used on women. Denial also affects Turkey's domestic policies and is taught in Turkish schools; some Turkish citizens who acknowledge the genocide have faced prosecution for "insulting Turkishness". [246] Both contemporaries[247][248] and later historians have estimated that around 1million Armenians died during the genocide,[3][249] with figures ranging from 600,000 to 1.5 million deaths. German politicians criticized the march, and turnout was low. The date 24 April is significant for Armenian communities, as it is a day of solidarity and remembrance of the massacres that started on this day in 1915. [308][309] In 2002, the AK Party came to power and relaxed censorship to a certain extent, and the profile of the issue was raised by the 2007 assassination of Hrant Dink, a Turkish-Armenian journalist known for his advocacy of reconciliation. [107] According to Turkish historian Halil Berktay, diplomat Nuri Birgi[tr] conducted a second purge of the archives at this time. 4 Akam, Taner, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, trans. [291] In the Republic of Turkey, about 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople and another 200,000 lived in the provinces, largely women and children who had been forcibly converted. H.R. [157][158] In 2013, a study sampling Turkish university students in the United States found that 65% agreed with the official view that Armenian deaths occurred as a result of "inter-communal warfare" and that another 10% blamed Armenians for causing the violence. Historian Ronald Grigor Suny summarizes the main denialist argument as, "There was no genocide, and the Armenians were to blame for it. [25], During the Ottoman invasion of Russian and Persian territory in late 1914, Ottoman paramilitaries massacred local Armenians. Likewise, Armenian celebrity Cher continues to act as a voice for the Armenian community and speaks out against injustice faced by Armenians. President Joe Biden officially recognized the Armenian Genocide on April 24, 2021, ending the longest-running gag rule on proper U.S. commemoration of this crime. [154] Following the elimination of the Armenian population in eastern Anatolia, in August 1915, the Armenians of western Anatolia and European Turkey were targeted for deportation. It said, in part: Denial of genocide strives to reshape history in order to demonize victims and rehabilitate the perpetrators. [22][23] In August 1914, CUP representatives appeared at an ARF conference demanding that in the event of war with the Russian Empire, the ARF incite Russian Armenians to intervene on the Ottoman side. Armenian Genocide Memorial in Yerevan, Armenia. The century-long effort by the Turkish state to deny the genocide sets it apart from other cases of genocide in history. [169][170], Although the majority of able-bodied Armenian men had been conscripted into the army, others deserted, paid the exemption tax, or fell outside the age range of conscription. [94][95] During his fieldwork in an Anatolian village in the 1980s, anthropologist Sam Kaplan found that "a visceral fear of Armenians returning and reclaiming their lands still gripped local imagination". Family members of a 29-years-old soldier killed during clashes with Armenia, grieve as the crouch next to his grave, near Agdam city during the military conflict over the breakaway region of . [250][253][254] Weeks later, he resigned as chairman of the board of directors of the Institute of Turkish Studies after Turkish officials threatened that if he did not retract his statements, the institute's funding would be withdrawn. The IAMM, under the control of Talaat's Ministry of the Interior, and the Special Organization, which took orders directly from the CUP Central Committee, closely coordinated their activities. The term negationism has gained currency as the name of a movement to deny a specific crime against humanity, the Nazi genocide on the Jews in 1941-45, also known as the holocaust (Greek: complete burning) or the Shoah (Hebrew: disaster). [83][84] Many of the main perpetrators, including Talat Pasha, were hailed as national heroes of Turkey; many schools, streets, and mosques are still named after them. [226] Historians who recognized the genocide feared professional retaliation for expressing their views. To what extent it can, and should, be considered in workplace policies is currently up for debate in the UK. This has been met by inertia of the international community and regional bodies. [224] Survivors testified that some Armenians refused aid as they believed it would only prolong their suffering. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. "[5], Since the beginning of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan has adopted Turkey's genocide denial and worked to promote it internationally. This resulted in a nationalist group called The Young Turks, who wanted to kill Armenians and desired Turkification, a nationalist approach to empire. [179] In 2007, a Congressional resolution for genocide recognition failed because of Turkish pressure. [16][17][18] These same tropes of denial would be employed later to deny the Armenian genocide. [20] In the meantime, the Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its European territory in the Balkan Wars; the CUP blamed Christian treachery for this defeat. [6] Following the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, two Islamic empiresthe Ottoman Empire and the Iranian Safavid Empirecontested Western Armenia, which was permanently separated from Eastern Armenia (held by the Safavids) by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab. [42], Abdul Hamid's despotism prompted the formation of an opposition movement, the Young Turks, which sought to overthrow him and restore the 1876 Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, which he had suspended in 1877. 3 In a 2009 raid on the ultranationalist, so-called deep state Ergenekon organization, Turkish authorities found a list of traitors to national security. The list had five names, including Hrant Dink, Orhan Pamuk, and Taner Akam. [238] Witness testimony was published in books such as The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1916) and Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918), which raised public awareness about the genocide. Ottoman leaders took isolated indications of Armenian resistance as evidence of a widespread rebellion, though no such rebellion existed. 'the gathering of orphans') that reclaimed thousands of kidnapped and islamized Armenian women and children. [26] The Ottoman state bore ultimate responsibility for the killings,[39][40] whose purpose was violently restoring the previous social order in which Christians would unquestioningly accept Muslim supremacy,[41] and forcing Armenians to emigrate, thereby decreasing their numbers. As middleman minorities, despite the wealth of some Armenians, their overall political power was low, making them especially vulnerable. Militarism, weak rule of law, lack of minority rights, and especially the belief that Turkey is constantly under threatthus justifying state violenceare among the main legacies of 1915 in Turkey. Because of the nature of things, one who was still innocent today could be guilty tomorrow. [319] Azerbaijan has also joined the Turkish effort to deny the Armenian genocide. Negationism is mostly . [55] When news of the countercoup reached Adana, armed Muslims attacked the Armenian quarter and Armenians returned fire. Co-Principal Investigators: Paul Boghossian (Chair, NYU Philosophy; Director, NYU Global Institute for Advanced Study); Khatchig Mouradian (Lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies, Columbia University), Copyright 2022 | Global Institute for Advanced Study, Site designed and developed by Social Ink [+]. The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats and territorial lossesespecially the 19121913 Balkan Warsleading to fear among CUP leaders that the Armenians, whose homeland in the eastern provinces was viewed as the heartland of the Turkish nation, would seek independence. 6 Suny cites Kvorkian, Raymond, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (London: I.B. [85] Those convicted and sentenced to death by the postwar tribunal for crimes against Armenians, such as Mehmet Kemal and Behramzade Nusret, were proclaimed national and glorious martyrs and their families were rewarded by the state with confiscated Armenian properties. Mass deportation was intended to permanently forestall the possibility of Armenian autonomy or independence. [262][263] According to this logic, the deportations of Armenian civilians was a justified and proportionate response to Armenian treachery, either real or as perceived by the Ottoman authorities. In the genocide's aftermath, incriminating documents were systematically destroyed, and denial has been the policy of every government of the Republic of Turkey, as of 2022[update]. [319][320][321] During the conflict, the Azerbaijani and Armenian governments have regularly accused each other of plotting genocide. [129][130][131], The deportation of Armenians and resettlement of Muslims in their lands was part of a broader project intended to permanently restructure the demographics of Anatolia. She is passionate about her Armenian heritage and is eager to act as a leader for underrepresented communities. [33] Although Armenians had been called the "loyal millet" in contrast to Greeks and others who had previously challenged Ottoman rule, the authorities began to perceive Armenians as a threat after 1878. [11][12] According to the Patriarchate's figure, 215,131 Armenians lived in urban areas, especially Constantinople, Smyrna, and Eastern Thrace. But while it might have begun 102 years ago, in a sense,. [332][335][336] Following Azerbaijan, Turkey and the Turkish diaspora have lobbied for recognition of the Khojali massacre as a genocide to downplay the Armenian genocide. The Armenian genocide[a] was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World WarI. [323][324] From the 1970s onwards, many countries avoided recognition to preserve good relations with Turkey. [244] Between 1915 and 1930, Near East Relief raised $110million ($1.8billion adjusted for inflation) for refugees from the Ottoman Empire. Sign up with your email address to receive our weekly newsletter, covering featured articles, new Pulse projects, career insights and more. In 2015, on the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, the Kardashians visited the Armenian memorial called Tsitsernakaberd to pay their respects. [122][123] CUP leaders held Armeniansincluding women and childrencollectively guilty for "betraying" the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in early 1915. [53][54], In early 1909 an unsuccessful countercoup was launched by conservatives and some liberals who opposed the CUP's increasingly repressive governance. His assassin was arrested and tried in a German court which acquitted him. 42 https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Turkey-Armenian-Reconciliation-2002-English.pdf. Katie is eager to pursue a career in social change where she believes her ideas can have a positive impact on society. [83] The same month, CUP representatives went to an ARF conference demanding that, in the event of war with Russia, the ARF incite Russian Armenians to intervene on the Ottoman side. The quotation in the books title is taken from United States Ambassador Henry Morgenthaus memoir, in which he quotes CUP leader and Minister of the Interior Talat Pasha as stating to him in a private but heated conversation in early August 1915, I have asked you to come here so as to let you know that our Armenian policy is absolutely fixed and that nothing can change it. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. [35] On 24April, hundreds of Armenian intellectuals were arrested in Constantinople. [160][161] Many believe that such an acknowledgement is imposed by Armenians and foreign powers with no benefit to Turkey. Go ahead, try to destroy them. [52], In May 1915, Russia, Britain, and France sent a diplomatic communiqu to the Ottoman government condemning the Ottoman "crimes against humanity" and threatening to hold accountable any Ottoman officials who were responsible. Most of those implicated in war crimes evaded justice and many joined the new Nationalist Turkish movement led by Mustafa Kemal. Sadly, a hundred years after the fact, denial and distortion is still commonplace. The Armenian genocide cast a long shadow into the Holocaust era. In 1916, a wave of massacres targeted the surviving Armenians in Syria; by the end of the year, only 200,000 were still alive. [227], Armenian ability to adapt and survive was greater than the perpetrators expected. Ottoman soldiers did not protect Armenians and instead armed the rioters. [263], Following the armistice, Allied governments championed the prosecution of war criminals. [89][90] Despite the unlikelihood that recognition would lead to any territorial changes, many Turkish officials believe that genocide recognition is part of a plot to partition Turkey or extract other reparations. [189], From 1915 to 1918, Germany and the Ottoman Empire undertook "joint propaganda efforts of denial". A new policy announced by the UK Government proposes to relocate refugees who enter the UK without authorisation to Rwanda, presenting a potential risk to the Human Rights Act. The Armenian Genocide And Acts Of Denial April 24, 2021 Katie Bedrossian ETHNIC CLEANSING BY THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE On 24 April 1915, the Ottoman Empire began the systematic ethnic cleansing of Armenian people. The US Senate unanimously recognized the Armenian Genocide in December, 2019, following near-unanimous reaffirmation of the crime by the US House just weeks prior. [113] During the night of 2324April 1915 hundreds of Armenian political activists, intellectuals, and community leaders were rounded up in Constantinople and across the empire. Denial of the Armenian Genocide is saying that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or what happened was not genocide. It appears as if this archival argument has . Russian forces captured Van on 18May, finding 55,000 corpses in the provinceabout half its prewar Armenian population. [180][216] On 24 April 2021, the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, President Joe Biden referred to the events as "genocide" in a statement released by the White House. Armenian genocide denial is the claim that the Ottoman Empire and its ruling party, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), did not commit genocide against its Armenian citizens during World WarIa crime documented in a large body of evidence and affirmed by the vast majority of scholars. The project will encourage comparative, multidisciplinary perspectives on the study of denial, the production of alternative facts, and the manufacturing of controversy by merchants of doubt. The academic disciplines associated with the projects research will primarily be History, Political Science, and Philosophy. "If we examine what our nation had to go through over the past 100 to 150 years . Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the forced Islamization of Armenian women and children. Few resisted, believing it would put their families in greater danger. One of the early exceptions was the genocide perpetrator Esat Uras, who published The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question in 1950. 18 For examples, see ibid., 116117, 243, 344345, 428. The reforms to equalize the status of non-Muslims were strongly opposed by Islamic clergy and Muslims in general, and remained mostly theoretical. Evidence suggests that recognising the Armenian Genocide will negatively impact good relations with Turkey. "The Armenian diaspora is trying to instill hatred against Turkey through a worldwide campaign on genocide claims ahead of the centennial anniversary of 1915," Mr. Erdogan said recently. The Ottoman empire executed what most historians outside of the sphere of influence of the Turkish government consider the world's first modern genocide that year, massacring an estimated 1.5 million of the world's 2 million Armenians or about 75 percent of the population. [191], The CUP allowed Armenian women to marry into Muslim households, as these women had to convert to Islam and would lose their Armenian identity. YEREVAN, OCTOBER 27, ARMENPRESS. [310] Although the AK Party softened the state denial rhetoric, describing Armenians as part of the Ottoman Empire's war losses,[311] during the 2010s political repression and censorship increased again. [110] Djevdet's forces proceeded to Bitlis and attacked Armenian and Syriac villages; the men were killed immediately, many women and children were kidnapped by local Kurds, and others marched away to be killed later. [6] The destruction of the Christian middle class, and redistribution of their properties, enabled the creation of a new Muslim/Turkish bourgeoisie. [267] The court ruled that "the crime of mass murder" of Armenians was "organized and carried out by the top leaders of CUP". Burn their houses and their churches. [107] By the twenty-first century, the Turkish Historical Society, known for publications upholding the official position of the Turkish government, had as one of its main functions the countering of genocide claims. In 1916, another wave of massacres was ordered, leaving about 200,000 deportees alive by the end of the year. Instead, the men were usually separated from the rest of the deportees during the first few days and executed. [96], An edict of the Ottoman government banned foreigners from taking photographs of Armenian refugees or the corpses that accumulated on the sides of the roads on which death marches were carried out. As Pope Francis said so eloquently at his Mass marking the 100th time period of the genocide, quote, ``Concealing or denying evil is like allowing a wound to keep bleeding without bandaging it.'' By 1925, people in 49 countries were organizing "Golden Rule Sundays" during which they consumed the diet of Armenian refugees, to raise money for humanitarian efforts. Several members of the board resigned and both the Middle East Studies Association and Turkish Studies Association criticized the violation of Quataert's academic freedom. [241] According to historian Keith David Watenpaugh, the resolution had "a terrible and lasting influence on the rising generation of scholars. [146], For decades, the genocide was a taboo subject in Turkish society. [111][112][113] For decades, Turkish historiography ignored the Armenian genocide. [104][105] Discounting contrary reports that most Armenians were loyal, the CUP leaders decided that the Armenians had to be eliminated to save the empire. [244][245] TCA has also provided financial support to several authors including McCarthy, Michael Gunter, Ycel Gl, and Edward J. Erickson for writing books that deny the Armenian genocide. In 1990, psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton received a letter from Nzhet Kandemir[tr], Turkish ambassador to the United States, questioning references to the Armenian genocide in one of Lifton's books. At a symposium in Ankara on April 24 -- the 104th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide-- Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan repeated his distortion and denial of the 1915 mass murder of . [260] Armenian leaders abandoned traditional patrilineality to classify children born to Armenian women and their Muslim captors as Armenian. [78] In 1919, Kemal defended the Ottoman government's policies towards Christians, saying "Whatever has befallen the non-Muslim elements living in our country, is the result of the policies of separatism they pursued in a savage manner, when they allowed themselves to be made tools of foreign intrigues and abused their privileges. The first transit camp was established at Sibil, east of Aleppo; one convoy would arrive each day while another would depart for Meskene or Deir ez-Zor. [66] Ottoman Muslim society was incensed by the atrocities committed against Balkan Muslims, intensifying anti-Christian sentiment and leading to a desire for revenge. 30 December 2015. Distinctiveness of Turkish denial efforts: Some private schools and to a lesser extent some state schools also use alternative textbooks which are not approved by Ministry of Education. [182] During 1915, some were forced to walk as far as 1,000 kilometers (620mi) in the summer heat. On Oct. 27, the College of Social and Behavioral Science issued a " statement regarding student complaint ," which began with an acknowledgment of the Armenian Genocide from U communications. [132][133], Turkish schools, public or private, are required to use history textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education. [264] Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha publicly recognized that 800,000 Ottoman citizens of Armenian origin had died as a result of state policy[265] and stated that "humanity, civilizations are shuddering, and forever will shudder, in face of this tragedy". ), The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in Middle East, The Young Turks Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History, The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 19151916, They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else: A History of the Armenian Genocide, Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 17892009, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 19131950, The Ottoman Legacy of the Turkish Republic: An Attempt at a New Periodization, Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide, https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Turkey-Armenian-Reconciliation-2002-English.pdf, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-prime-minister-mr_-recep-tayyip-erdogan-published-a-message-on-the-events-of-1915.en.mfa, http://civilnet.am/2014/12/23/selahattin-demirtas-kurds-armenian-genocide-1915-democracy-turkey-english/#.Vcm9QPmqqkp. [77] When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the Second Balkan War in mid-1913, there was a campaign of looting and intimidation against Greeks and Armenians, forcing many to emigrate. Armenian Americans again called on Pennsylvania Senate candidate Dr. Mehmet Oz to end his complicity in Turkey's Armenian Genocide denial, at a protest organized by the ANC of Pennsylvania. [78] Around 150,000 Greek Orthodox from the Aegean coast were forcibly deported in May and June 1914 by Muslim bandits, who were secretly backed by the CUP and sometimes joined by the regular army. Researchers and journalists who have openly spoken about the Armenian genocide in Turkey have been prosecuted, received death threats, and viewed as enemies by the Turkish government. [123] During the 1990s, private universities began to be established in Turkey, enabling challenges to state-sponsored views. [314] Akam says that genocide denial "rationaliz[es] the violent persecution of religious and ethnic minorities" and desensitizes the population to future episodes of mass violence. Britain was accused of "genocide denial" today after the disclosure of Foreign Office documents revealing the government's refusal to recognise the so-called Armenian . [328] According to Ihrig, the book is among the most important works of twentieth-century literature to address genocide and "is still considered essential reading for Armenians worldwide". [209][210] The dispossession and exile of Armenian competitors enabled many lower-class Turks (i.e. [192][215] In 2019, both houses of Congress passed resolutions formally recognizing the genocide. [161] Within the area controlled by the Third Army, which held eastern Anatolia, the army was only involved in genocidal atrocities in the vilayets of Van, Erzerum, and Bitlis. Given the indisputable record of the Armenian genocide, many of those who refuse to recognize Turkey's genocide of Armenians, like those who refuse to recognize Germany's genocide of European Jews, are motivated by ignorance and bigotry. [283] Historian Raymond Kvorkian states that the war of independence was "intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors". Armenian Genocide denial is a far-left conspiracy theory, which claims that the Ottoman Empire and its ruling party, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), did not commit genocide against its Armenian citizens during World War I a crime documented in a large body of evidence and affirmed by the vast majority of scholars. Armenian genocide denial refers to the denial of the genocide against (already systematically discriminated) Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians committed by the Ottoman Empire under the rule of the Young Turks [note 1] from 1915 to 1918. [232][233] The massacres killed most of the Armenians who had survived the camp system. We have been blamed for not making a distinction between guilty and innocent Armenians. [29] Under international pressure at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the Ottoman government agreed to carry out reforms and guarantee the physical safety of its Armenian subjects, but there was no enforcement mechanism;[30] conditions continued to worsen. [39], Historians estimate that 1.5 to 2million Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire in 1915, of whom 800,000 to 1.2million were deported during the genocide. [191] As of 2015[update], Turkey spends millions of dollars each year lobbying against the genocide's recognition. [178], Authorities viewed disposal of bodies through rivers as a cheap and efficient method, but it caused widespread pollution downstream. [98] The Armenian soldiers in labor battalions were systematically executed, although many skilled workers were spared until 1916. Retired diplomats were recruited to write denialist works, completed without professional methodology or ethical standards and based on cherry-picking archival information favorable to Turks and unfavorable to Armenians. [84] During its war preparations, the Ottoman government recruited thousands of prisoners to join the paramilitary Special Organization,[85] which initially focused on stirring up revolts among Muslims behind Russian lines beginning before the empire officially entered the war. [235], More recent academic denialism in the United States has focused on an alleged Armenian uprising, said to justify the persecution of Armenians as a legitimate counterinsurgency. [205][206] Although the laws maintained that the state was simply administering the properties on behalf of the absent Armenians, there was no provision to return them to the ownersit was presumed that they had ceased to exist. Indeed, as Erickson has pointed out, on August 9, 1914, Enver Pasha actually proposed an Ottoman-Russian alliance. [259], Armenians organized a coordinated effort known as vorpahavak (lit. [314], Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day is commemorated on 24 April each year in Armenia and abroad, the anniversary of the deportation of Armenian intellectuals. Large-scale massacres of Armenians occurred in the 1890s and 1909. Render date: 2022-11-03T18:43:23.542Z Instead, the delegates resolved that Armenians should fight for the countries of their citizenships. [74][75] As a British Foreign Office report stated, "not one Turk in a thousand can conceive that there might be a Turk who deserves to be hanged for the killing of Christians". 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