Recommendations for entry-level physical therapy education and use in research: Students should learn to administer this tool? Comparison of the gaze stabilization test and the dynamic visual acuity test in unilateral vestibular loss patients and controls. Frequency is about 1 Hz. Peripheral or Central Repeated video head impulse testing in patients is a stable measure of the passive vestibulo-ocular reflex. DVA) among patients with significant co-morbid visual deficits. Ltd. (Main Office) 701, First Floor, Malik Solitaire, Road No: 36, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad - 500034. Prospective controlled clinical trial. Alcohol binge-drinking damage on the vestibulo-oculomotor reflex. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive. Recommendations for use of the instrument from the Neurology Section of the American Physical Therapy Associations Multiple Sclerosis Taskforce (MSEDGE), Parkinsons Taskforce (PD EDGE), Spinal Cord Injury Taskforce (PD EDGE), Stroke Taskforce (StrokEDGE), Traumatic Brain Injury Taskforce (TBI EDGE), and Vestibular Taskforce (VEDGE) are listed below. Look OKN (aka Active or Voluntary OKN) Subject is instructed to look at the moving targets. Maximum Gaze Velocity Separate graphs of GST results are provided for each axis of head movement. Gaze stability and smooth pursuit neck torsion (oculomotor system). DVA evaluates accuracy of visual acuity during fixed velocity head movements. Your gift of Ability affects everythingwe do every day at Shirley Ryan AbilityLab from the highest-quality clinical care and groundbreaking research to community programs that improve quality of life. Reduced contralesional velocities may help explain oscillopsia in patients with unilateral dysfunction. Velocities are shown in degrees per second. The average slow phase velocity value(s) will be plotted in the bar graphs to the right of the tracings. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the gaze stabilization test (GST) in those referred for vestibular physical therapy following . Participants (n = 138) were males (n = 83) and females (n = 55) between the ages of 1844 years old. Shirley Ryan AbilityLab does not provide emergency medical services. Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in mTBI: Utility of the VOMS for evaluation and management - A review. When the average slow phase velocity exceeds the threshold value of 6/sec, the bar graph will be shaded grey and a red diamond will appear near the bar graph to indicate an out of threshold response. Physical Activity and Intermittent Postconcussion Symptoms After a Period of Symptom-Limited Physical and Cognitive Rest. MeSH Horizontal and vertical GST scores (HGST and VGST), neurocognitive testing results, and demographic data were extracted retrospectively from the patient health record. eCollection 2021. Sport-specific differences in dynamic visual acuity and gaze stabilization in division-I collegiate athletes. Gaze stabilization test (GST) and dynamic visual acuity (DVA) test are functional measures of the vestibulo-ocular reflex helps to maintain clear vision during head which movement. We have reviewed nearly 300 instruments for use with a number of diagnoses including stroke, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury among several others. feet away and move head side seconds. Suite 420 - 233 West First Street, North Vancouver, BC V7B 1M3 tel: 604-983-6616 fax: 1-866-261-0642 info@body-works.ca ! Bookshelf There were no significant differences for age group on all DVA variables (p > .05). The inability to maintain a steady gaze is an indication of either a central or peripheral vestibular system lesion. Objective: Evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of the Gaze Stabilization Test (GST) for detection of . May also be reported as "seaweed" movement without head mvmt. Overall conclusions show that the RightEye Dynamic Visual Acuity tests show strong reliability and can therefore be used confidently as a measure of dynamic acuity. Enter your zip code . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. "Physical performance and a test of gaze stabilization in older adults." A simple exercise can allow the eye, inner ear and brain to recalibrate after damage to the inner ear. Gaze stabilization: Standing feet apart Bookshelf For a complete discussion of differential diagnosis using the gaze stability test, refer to: Jacobson, GP, and Shepard, NT. A patient may present with square wave jerks, nystagmus, or gaze decay. All participants were tested on the RightEye Dynamic Visual Acuity Tests to determine reliability via Cronbachs Alpha and Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). 8600 Rockville Pike We as humans would have never evolved without it. Main outcome measure(s): Wagner AR, Akinsola O, Chaudhari AMW, Bigelow KE, Merfeld DM. When at least three out of five optotype orientations have been correctly identified, the head velocity threshold needed to trigger the presentation of the optotype is increased. Identification of subjects with vestibular disease was maximized at an average downward velocity of less than 61 degrees per second and a likelihood ratio of 4.4 (sensitivity, 44%; specificity, 90%). Eyes closed (this is for practice of mental imagery) 2. blank background 3. busy background (i.e. Categories Neuroscience Physiology. The .gov means its official. Would you like email updates of new search results? higher velocity) head rotation conditions. 18, 20 The GST was designed to quantify how quickly the subject can move their head and still maintain an easily seen target in focus. Gaze Stabilization Test (GST) measures the head velocity, axis, and direction where visual accuracy breaks down. 2021 Jan;278(1):41-48. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06052-1. Publication types Controlled Clinical Trial MeSH terms Adult Aged Female "The reliability, stability, and concurrent validity of a test of gaze stabilization." Reduced contralesional velocities may help explain oscillopsia in patients with unilateral dysfunction. Gaze Stabilization Test Asymmetry Score as an Indicator of Previous Concussion in a Cohort of Collegiate Football Players. GST may provide a useful metric of central compensation following rehabilitation. Alsalaheen BA, Whitney SL, Marchetti GF, Furman JM, Kontos AP, Collins MW, Sparto PJ. 2015 Jul;25(4):361-6. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000138. 1-844-355-ABLE. Tertiary academic referral laboratory. It is an exercise-based program primarily designed to reduce vertigo and dizziness, reduce gaze instability, and/or reduce imbalance and fall risk as well as address any secondary impairments . Physical Therapy, University of Jordan, 2003 M.Sc. The name "gaze stabilization" may imply help with vision impairment issues - however, this treatment path uses gaze to help mitigate feelings of dizziness and nausea caused by conditions like: vestibular neuritis Central vestibular disorders Acoustic neuroma (swelling or cancer in the 8th nerve) What conditions aren't helped by gaze stabilization? 12, 13 Individuals were excluded from the study if they had a central nervous system disease or cause . optotype). Volume 408, 1 June 2019, Pages 418-429. . Second, to examine reliability of the tests. Gaze positions tested are: center (straight ahead), gaze left, gaze right, gaze up and gaze down. Epub 2020 May 24. 2022 Jul 19;13:904593. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.904593. Oculomotor Strategies and Their Effect on Reducing Gaze Position Error, Stride cycle influences on goal-directed head movements made during walking, Role of Electrically Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response in Cochlear Implantation of Children With Inner Ear Malformations, Effect of unilateral vestibular deafferentation on the initial human vestibulo-ocular reflex to surge translation. Data collection and analysis: "The influence of age and vestibular disorders on gaze stabilization: a pilot study." The gaze stabilization test provides information regarding the functional capacity of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The patient is instructed to fix gaze at the center of the computer monitor while actively rotating the head to identify the orientation of a randomly presented optotype. Optotype size is progressively reduced in successive conditions and visual acuity is re-assessed with the next smaller optotype until its orientation can no longer be reliably determined. 2016 Sep;51(9):739-742. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.01. Conclusion: Intervention(s): Vestibular Disease: (Mohammad, 2011;n= 28 (16 peripheral vestibular disorders, 9 central vestibular disorders, 3 mixed central and peripheral); Age range 16-78 years. If this is an emergency, please dial 911, A Young Scientist's Journey after a Stroke, Care by the Numbers: Skilled Nursing versus Inpatient Rehabilitation, WSJ: Recognizing Aphasia and Seeking Treatment, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Ranked No. Gaze testing is the ONLY test of the four ocular tests in which an abnormal result could be generated either from the peripheral vestibular system or from the central vestibular system. Details; Click on the paper-clip icon or click on the Attachments tab to download the written instructions for this exercise. Amplitude is 5-10 deg, as subject tracks over a significant range. METHODS. FOIA Vital D, Hegemann SC, Straumann D, Bergamin O, Bockisch CJ, Angehrn D, Schmitt KU, Probst R. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. (Y/N), Appropriate for use in intervention research studies? 17-20 we found the mean peak head turning velocities in the yaw and pitch planes during vorx1 exercises in the early session were 100.2/s and 79.3/s, (2007). The .gov means its official. (2011). J Vestib Res. The site is secure. ICC at 7-10 days in N = 20 subjects was 0.59 in yaw (Adequate) and 0.54 in pitch (Adequate). Tape a card with one letter or word onto the wall at eye level. eCollection 2022. Gaze Stabilization Exercises for the Inner Ear (Eye-Head Coordination) Practice head-eye coordination to help your brain (cerebellum) get better at keeping your eyes focused while your head is moving. 1. For the dynamic testing component, the examiner determines the plane of head movement (i.e., yaw, or east-west; pitch, or north-south, or roll alternating ear to shoulder) and orients the patient to the axis of head movement for the testing condition. Gaze Stability is the ability to keep your eyes on that target for as long as necessary. Keep eyes fixed on single stationary target held in hand . All ICCs were statistically significant. View PDF; Download Full Issue; Neuroscience. 2020;30(4):249-257. doi: 10.3233/VES-200710. Characterizing the evolution of oculomotor and vestibulo-ocular function over time in children and adolescents after a mild traumatic brain injury. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the % Left/Right Symmetry Differences in maximum gaze velocity between the two directions of a given axis are expressed as a percentage of the sum of the two velocities. Pritcher 2008,N = 57, (20 young controls 20-40 yrs, 21 elderly controls (60- 80 yrs), and 16 patients with vestibular disease (20-80 yrs). Ward et al 2010,N = 40, (N = 20 older adults 76.3+5.3 years, N = 20 young controls 25.2+3.2 years) between GST and Dynamic Visual Acuity Test (DVAT) loss determined by Spearmans correlation coefficient revealed -0.62 in yaw and -0.38 in pitch (p < 0.02). NeuroRehabilitation. HGST had a weak positive correlation to the visual motor processing speed domain of the immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive test (r = 0.20). Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) testing is a sensitive assessment tool for detecting VOR impairments. Otol Neurotol. Vestibular rehabilitation (VR) is a specialized form of therapy intended to alleviate both the primary and secondary problems due to vestibular disorders. BMJ Open. Intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence intervals). The correct SVA test is then based on the least knowledge, only a few publications have utilized both DVA optotype rightly recognized by the subject: for this reason the and the Oscillopsia Score (OS) to asses oscillopsia but optotype "E" is shown on the computer monitor with random without significant relationship between subjective and. Exercise 1 (x1 viewing) 1. Cost of the GST system may be prohibitive for small clinics or academic programs to support. You will see a green dot on the screen. If the dot moves, follow it with your eyes only. Test both near and far field of vision. Gaze stabilization: Sitting. The inability to maintain a steady gaze is an indication of either a central or peripheral vestibular system lesion. The goal of the gaze stabilization exercise is to improve the interaction between the visual Pleasee-mail us! Recommendations for use based on acuity level of the patient: Recommendations based on vestibular diagnosis, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). Available in full text. Thanks for helping us invest in our patients. (2010). Turn your head side to side quickly while Gaze stabilization measurement was obtained using the gaze stabilization test on the . J Vestib Res 20(5): 363-372. These distances were chosen to test how gaze stabilization is adapted to cope with targets that are approximately half and double the vertical head fixation distance (HFD). and down for . Age related differences were also examined across variables for two groups (under 30 and over 30) using test analysis. PMC government site. Differences in GST performance among patient subgroups were examined using one-way analysis of variance. Limiting broadest use and application. Therefore, it is imperative to equip sports medicine clinicians with clinical strategies to identify, assess, and manage symptoms and impairments stemming from vestibular and ocular dysfunction. Otol Neurotol 31(1): 168-172. Gaze stability is assessed at progressively faster speeds until the patient fails to correctly identify the orientation of the E optotype in 3 of 5 presentations. Before Measuring Vestibular Contributions to Age-Related Balance Impairment: A Review. Honaker JA, Criter RE, Patterson JN, Jones SM. Results: Does the eyes lead the hand principle apply to reach-to-grasp movements evoked by unexpected balance perturbations? A patients SVA becomes his or her reference condition for dynamic testing. Crampton A, Schneider KJ, Grilli L, Chevignard M, Katz-Leurer M, Beauchamp MH, Debert C, Gagnon IJ. The gaze-stabilization test (GST) was used to assess the VOR contribution to visual acuity, defined by the peak velocity of head rotation possible while maintaining visual fixation [14].. Toll-Free U.S. San Diego; Plural Publishing, 2015. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The term gaze is frequently used in physiology to describe coordinated motion of the eyes and neck. the method includes measuring the subject's static visual acuity to obtain an assessment, setting at least one test parameter based on the assessment, measuring the subject's dynamic visual. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Voelker CC, Lucisano A, Kallogjeri D, Sinks BC, Goebel JA. Pritcher et al 2008, (n= 20 young controls,n= 21 elderly controls,n= 16 patients with vestibular disease (n= 12 UVH, 1 BPPV, 2 BVH, 1 multisensory dysequilibrium) Cut-point for of velocity < 61 d/s and downward; GST velocity was 44% Sn and 90% Sp for identification of patients with vestibular disease with ROC identified maximum LR of 4.5 (95% CI 1.5-13.3) (AUC, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.88 p < 0.01) (Adequate validity). 3. Fourteen patients (mean age, 63.8 yr; range, 43-77 yr) with history of vertigo and greater than 50% bithermal caloric asymmetry; 14 control subjects (mean age, 45.8 yr; range, 23-78 yr). SVA is established as the smallest "E" that can be accurately and consistently identified. athletes) can achieve velocities up to 160 deg/sec). The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Archives of OtolaryngologyHead & Neck Surgery, Maurizio Versino, Silvia Colnaghi, Paolo Colagiorgio. Hold the card at eye level. The HFD is around 1.0 m for walking at 1.67 m/s (Moore et al., . 2022;50(3):279-296. doi: 10.3233/NRE-228012. "Comparative study of the Gaze Stabilization Test (GST) and the Dynamic Visual Acuity Test (DVAT) for detecting patients with unilateral vestibular dysfunction. The study was conducted in a vestibular and balance laboratory at a tertiary medical center. 4. (2010). . There are few clinically useful, functional measures of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) post-concussion. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Always keep the target steady and in clear focus. seconds. (2005). Find it on PubMed, Mohammad, M. T., Whitney, S. L., et al. Gaze Stabilization Test is a reliable specific test of gaze stability which has diagnostic and rehabilitative applications in patients with vestibular dysfunction and reduced contralesional velocities may help explain oscillopsia in Patients with unilateral dysfunction. , Brach J.S. D'Silva LJ, Chalise P, Obaidat S, Rippee M, Devos H. Front Neurol. An abnormal gaze tracing might present itself in several ways. Subjects included individuals aged 12 to 43 years (mean = 20, standard deviation [SD] = 7), with most having sport-related concussion (67%). Very busy background (i.e. (2008). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Both the DV A test and GST assess similar yet distinct manifestations of gaze stability in peripheral vestibular deficits and are described later in greater detail (Goebel et al., 2007). Abnormal Response:Basic functional performance can become limited at. 2015 Apr;36(4):746-53. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000689. *NOTE: This is intended only as a guide, official diagnosis should be deferred to the patients physician. Or Call Toll-Free Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Patients: Central Oscillopsia: visual blurring with head movement Decreased VOR gaze stability with head motion Patient report of environment moving or oscillating, as they walk through it. The gaze stabilization test (GST) requires the maintenance of fixation on a fixed target size during active head movement. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for GST performed on the same day (within session) after a 30 minute rest break and after 7-10 days (between sessions). Relationship Between Cognitive Assessment and Balance Measures in Adolescents Referred for Vestibular Physical Therapy After Concussion. Study sample: Repeat using full field stimulus . Retrospective chart review. Identification of persons with unstable gait using the timed up and go and DGI performance concurrent with GST head movements. Results provide insight into a patient's effective use of VOR as it relates to functional demands for activities of daily living, and clinicians can use the data to make training decisions and document progress. There are few clinically useful, functional measures of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) post-concussion. From rvolk views. J Clin Med. Standard error of the measurement (SEM), SEM% and minimal detectable change (MDC) values for the gaze stabilization test (GST, deg/sec), Response Stability (Standard Error of the Measure). The purposes of this dissertation were threefold; first the reliability of GST and DVA test were examined. Find it on PubMed, Ward, B. K., Mohammed, M. T., et al. the vor is considered a low-latency reflex that allows the eyes and body to compensate for head rotation to stabilize gaze during movement, resulting in improved balance. [43] Ward B.K. Healthy Older Adults:(Ward et al 2009;n= 86 GST > 90 d/s was significantly correlated with excellent self-report of balance (p< 0.05), Carmody, J. Background: Do you see an error or have a suggestion for this instrument summary? since gaze resets less often. Simply look at the dot. This course provides an introduction to the CE-Chirp stimulus family, which is found in the Interacoustics Eclipse and Titan platforms. PMC Reporting of exercise dose and dosage and outcome measures for gaze stabilisation in the literature: a scoping review. Opp Metro Pillar 1670 Careers. 2021 Jul 26;12:642457. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.642457. March 1, 2005. RASYA Clinic Pvt. 2. vertebral artery integrity and cervical stability) and demonstrate full, pain-free active range of motion in the plane of testing. GST may be a relevant test of VOR in this population, as it is a more functional test of the VOR required for sports. Front Neurol. The Gaze Stabilization test (GST) was introduced as new functional evaluation of a person's ability to use the VOR for appropriate visual target capture during head movements through FDA approved. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted II. Concussion can cause vestibular dysfunction and oculomotor abnormalities which can lead to dizziness and protracted recovery time. . Keep your eyes focused on the target and turn your head slowly from side to side. 1-844-355-ABLE. around 1-2 deg because gaze resets often. A., Tungsiripat, N., et al. Otorhinolaryngology Neuroscience Sensory Systems . Asymmetry of ocular motor and perceptual vestibular processing in humans with unilateral vestibular deafferentation. One hundred fifty-eight individuals who sustained a concussion and were referred to vestibular physical therapy. (Y/N), Students should be exposed to tool? Accessibility In contrast, the Gaze Stabilization test (GST) is a new functional evaluation of the VOR that identifies a person's maximum head velocity (in degrees per second) a person can maintain with stable vision of a target (i.e. The reliability of gaze stabilization test and dynamic visual acuity test were examined and special consideration is to be given to the optotype parameters used since these were found to significantly influence performance. J Otol. Download Free PDF. Optotypes only present when one meets or exceeds the minimum specified rotational velocity threshold for that condition as measured by head mounted rate sensor. Functional Gait Assessment Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) Timed Up and Go Test- Dual Task (Dual Task TUG) 10 Meter Walk Test 5x sit to stand grocery store) Open PDF Abstract. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Download Free PDF. Gaze Stabilization Exercise VORx1 Purpose: To improve ability to focus eyes when your head is moving. , et al., Physical performance and a test of gaze stabilization in older adults, Otol Neurotol 31 (2010), 168-172. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. checkerboard) 4. Before and transmitted securely. For detailed information about how recommendations were made, please visit:http://www.neuropt.org/go/healthcare-professionals/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations, Reasonable to use, but limited study in target group / Unable to Recommend. Impairments of the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) lead to a decline in visual acuity during head movements. High performance individuals (i.e. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. If the dot moves, follow it with your eyes only. Publisher. TL;DR: Gaze Stabilization Test is a reliable specific test of gaze stability which has diagnostic and rehabilitative applications in patients with vestibular dysfunction and reduced contralesional velocities may help explain oscillopsia in Patients with unilateral dysfunction. 2021 Feb 9;12:635305. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.635305. Retrospective chart review. GST continues until the patient fails to correctly identify the orientation of at least 3 of 5 optotypes thereby establishing gaze stability at the fastest head movement velocity at which the minimum number of optotypes were correctly identified. 1 by U.S. News & World Report for 31st Consecutive Year, Community-Ready Upper Extremity Interactive Rehabilitation, Dr. Lieber To Receive AACPDM's Lifetime Achievement Award for Research on Cerebral Palsy, Global Advisory Services Hospital Training & Consulting, Medical Student Education & Residency Program, 1 Year Webinar Package - Unlimited Access, http://www.neuropt.org/go/healthcare-professionals/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations, Making Waves Following a Spinal Cord Injury, Full Circle After a Non-Traumatic Brain Injury, An Unanticipated Head Injury and Incredibly Bright Future. Authors Asim Haque J. David Dickman. 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Ajitkumar Mulavara, Brian Peters, Jacob Bloomberg, Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation, Test-retest reliability and responsiveness of gaze stability and dynamic visual acuity in high school and college football players, Oscillopsia in labyrinthine defective patients: comparison of objective and subjective measures, A New Tool for Investigating the Functional Testing of the VOR, New portable tool to screen vestibular and visual functionNational Institutes of Health Toolbox initiative, ARTICLE Reliability and Normative Data of Computerized Dynamic Visual Acuity Tests, A New Dynamic Visual Acuity Test to Assess Peripheral Vestibular Function, Top-down approach to vestibular compensation: Translational lessons from vestibular rehabilitation, A Device for the Functional Evaluation of the VOR in Clinical Settings, Reliability and Normative Data of Computerized Dynamic Visual Acuity Tests, Normative Scores for the NIH Toolbox Dynamic Visual Acuity Test from 3 to 85Years, Visual Acuity While Walking and Oscillopsia Severity in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Unilateral and Bilateral Vestibular Function Loss, Locomotor function after long-duration space flight: effects and motor learning during recovery, Functional Head Impulse Test in Professional Athletes: Sport-Specific Normative Values and Implication for Sport-Related Concussion, Modeling locomotor dysfunction following spaceflight with Galvanic vestibular stimulation, Recurrence quantification analysis of gait in normal and hypovestibular subjects, The Effect of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Deficits and Covert Saccades on Dynamic Vision in Opioid-Induced Vestibular Dysfunction, Covert saccades improve dynamic visual stability in bilateral vestibular dysfunction, Vestibulo-ocular responses to vertical translation in normal human subjects, Author's personal copy Vestibular involvement in adults with HIV/AIDS, Vestibular involvement in adults with HIV/AIDS, The Under-compensatory Roll aVOR Does Not Affect Dynamic Visual Acuity, Vestibular balance deficits following head injury: Recommendations concerning evaluation and rehabilitation in the mliitary setting, Visual-vestibular integration as a function of adaptation to space flight and return to Earth, Recovery of Dynamic Visual Acuity in Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction, Gaze Stability, Dynamic Balance and Participation Deficits in People with Multiple Sclerosis at Fall-Risk, Effects of extraocular muscle surgery on 15 patients with oculo-cutaneous albinism (OCA) and infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), Phase-Plane Analysis of Gaze Stabilization to High Acceleration Head Thrusts: A Continuum Across Normal Subjects and Patients With Loss of Vestibular Function, Influence of Vision on Head Stabilization Strategies in Older Adults During Walking, Neurovestibular and Sensorimotor Studies in Space and Earth Benefits, Assessment: Vestibular testing techniques in adults and children: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, ASSESSMENT: VESTIBULAR TESTING TECHNIQUES IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN, Epidemiology of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Function, Temporal dynamics of semicircular canal and otolith function following acute unilateral vestibular deafferentation in humans, Vestibular, saccadic and fixation abnormalities in genetically confirmed Friedreich ataxia, Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern: I. 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