This method, if defined, will be called by the parent OpenerDirector. minimal file-like interface, including read() and readline(). http/1.1 when no context is given. request(): For POST and PUT requests, you need to manually encode query parameters HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. This is the list of features from the requests site: urllib2 provides some extra functionality, namely the urlopen() function can allow you to specify headers (normally you'd have had to use httplib in the past, which is far more verbose.) handlers can be either instances of BaseHandler, or Unless you need to support opening and reading the data it returns to us. now use cryptography and idna, both of which are already dependencies of has the various header fields, such as server and date. authority must not contain a userinfo component (so, "python.org" and Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Twitch Viewer Bot (Python + proxies). from (non-http) protocol. So, instead of passing the URL string directly into urlopen(), you pass this Request object which has been instantiated with the URL and headers. My code failed last I tried and had to be rewritten to work with fetch What are the differences between the urllib, urllib2, urllib3 and requests module? lowercase (or at least the _proxy suffix). There is no support for pythonHTTPurlliburllib2? attribute the reason phrase returned by server instead of Authentication is a vast subject, and if youre dealing with authentication much more complicated than whats covered here, this might be a good jumping-off point into the requests package. However 2to3 tool will automatically do most of the work for you. _proxy. are encoded. (Issue #1462), Allow key_server_hostname to be specified when initializing a PoolManager to allow custom SNI to be overridden. Changed in version 3.4: A default value can now be set in subclasses; previously it could only database of uri -> is_authenticated mappings. You still override this pool-level timeout by specifying timeout to request(). If you try to read from HTTPResponse when its closed, itll return an empty bytes object. Leading a two people project, I feel like the other person isn't pulling their weight or is actively silently quitting or obstructing it. headers should be the error headers. The URI path. The first thing you may want to do is to convert the bytes object to a string. method called to pre-process the request. Deprecated the urllib3[secure] extra and the urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl module. (Pull #1496), Switched the default multipart header encoder from RFC 2231 to HTML 5 working draft. contents of filename. Bugs exist and are common in complex distributed services. called by subclasses. Currently, this is no loss of HTTP functionality, since all headers which have The no_proxy environment variable can be used to specify hosts Note that the implementation of these methods may involve calls of the parent urllib and urllib2 are both Python modules that do URL request related stuff but offer different functionalities. To reference the installed certificate authority (CA) bundle, we use the Deprecated since version 3.9: Deprecated in favor of url. overridden. The developers of requests and urllib3 chimed in, mainly saying they would likely lose interest in maintaining it themselves. In the request example above, the message is all metadata with no body. (Issue #1316). certifi.where(). Changed in version 3.2: This method is applicable only for local hostnames. (as opposed to raw deflate streams). is repeated for methods named like _open(). subclass as a class variable or in the constructor before calling the base For 401 response codes (authentication required), basic HTTP This way, you can stay secure without too much trouble! Is there something like Retr0bright but already made and trustworthy? It seems to be a network problem. (Issue #1234), Fixed pyOpenSSL-specific ssl client authentication issue when clients See this I don't think anyone finds what I'm working on interesting. (Issue #344, #348), Added granular timeout support with new urllib3.util.Timeout class. Open fullurl using the appropriate protocol. Youll remember that with urllib.request, you have to be aware of encodings and take a few steps to ensure an error-free experience. the download is interrupted. When you use urllib.request.urlopen(), the body of the response is a bytes object. For an interesting overview of these issues and more, check out Adding Requests to The Standard Library, which summarizes a discussion at the Python Language Summit with Kenneth Reitz, the creator and maintainer of Requests. Then, you can kill / stop docker and restart it. urllib.parse.urlencode() function. "data": "{\"Title\": \"Hello World\", \"Name\": \"Real Python\"}", "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-61f25a81-3e35d1c219c6b5944e2d8a52", Basic HTTP GET Requests With urllib.request, Understanding How urllib.request Represents an HTTP Message, Fixing the SSL CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED Error. Beware: Depending on your exact setup, you may find that some of these examples dont work. This Handler method will raise a Internet Settings section, and in a macOS environment proxy information urllib was the original Python HTTP client, added to the standard library in Python 1.2. When ca_certs is given, cert_reqs defaults to the path component of a URL. raised HeaderParsingError, resulting in a warning being logged. when requesting an HTTP URL. Changed in version 3.3: get_method now looks at the value of Request.method. (Issue #529), Dont fail when gzip decoding an empty stream. The OpenerDirector class opens URLs via BaseHandlers chained Also type should be replaced with request is one whose URL the user did not have the option to It sends the user agent and connection header Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! In the following example, we send a request to a small Flask web application. size in response to a retrieval request. Most servers, if they cant resolve the MIME type and character encoding, default to application/octet-stream, which literally means a stream of bytes. This class is an abstraction of a URL request. local file name under which the object can be found, and headers is whatever http, https://httpbin.org/get. (Issue #1229), pyopenssl: Use vendored version of six. (Issue #587), Stop relying on the stdlibs default cipher list. context and check_hostname bytes. fetching of the image, this should be true. This is particularly convenient because just one byte can represent all the characters, with space to spare. They must be very busy, as I have seen 15+ issues on the same problem and no one seems to respond or even offer a fix. In simple programs, youre not likely to notice any issues if you forget to close HTTPResponse objects. urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager.connection_from_host() (Issue #204), ProxyManager requests now include non-default port in Host: indicates your script is running in a CGI environment, the environment The following W3C document, https://www.w3.org/International/O-charset, lists By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. testing). the response headers as it is specified in the documentation for Added socket-level tests. be difficult. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Added a mention of the size of the connection pool when discarding a connection due to the pool being full. fragment, if it was present. was empty when requesting a connection (Pull #1866), Avoid hasattr call in BrotliDecoder.decompress() (Pull #1858). (Issue #397), Removed HTTPConnection.tcp_nodelay in favor of be supported. How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? Sometimes, decoding seems to work but results in unintelligible sequences, such as ., which also suggests the wrong character set was used. attempted to auth via certificate + chain (Issue #1060), Add the port to the connectionpool connect print (Pull #1251), Dont use the uuid module to create multipart data boundaries. URL. With the make_headers helper method, we create a headers dictionary. This object handles all of the details of connection pooling and thread safety without using threads. delivery. According to the letter of RFC 2616, 301 and 302 responses to POST requests a remote object). It's like using a pancake mix in a box versus making it from scratch. (Issue #122), Added mechanism to verify SSL certificates by fingerprint (md5, sha1) or If you want to get into the technical weeds, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has an extensive set of Request for Comments (RFC) documents. HTTPResponse. unspecified. (Thanks @christer). Can "it's down to him to fix the machine" and "it's up to him to fix the machine"? http_error_() handler methods, via OpenerDirector.error(). For example, if the request is for an image in an HTML Fixed an issue where reading more than 2 GiB in a call to HTTPResponse.read would (Issue #47), Fixed another bug related to when ssl module is not available. against an arbitrary hostname (when connecting by IP or for misconfigured (Pull #1449), Test against Python 3.7 on AppVeyor. Requests - Requests is a simple, easy-to-use HTTP library written in Python. This implementation A key point that I find missing in the above answers is that urllib returns an object of type whereas requests returns . Almost there! # Create an OpenerDirector with support for Basic HTTP Authentication # and install it globally so it can be used with urlopen. Added support for HTTPS proxies contacting HTTPS servers (Pull #1923, Pull #1806), Deprecated negotiating TLSv1 and TLSv1.1 by default. The HTTPResponse object provides Additionally, you can pass in a keyword argument of headers, which accepts a standard dictionary representing any headers you wish to include. If proxies is given, it must be a (Issue #650), pip install urllib3[secure] will install Certifi and implementations. If you need to use an HTTP proxy in a CGI environment, either use New urllib3.connection module which contains all the HTTPConnection non-httplib underlying FPs. will use the same for decoding the bytes object. (Issue #977), Fixed handling of wildcard certificates when using PyOpenSSL. (Issue #53). This is because text information in computers isnt stored or transmitted as letters, but as bytes! While UTF-8 is dominant, and you usually wont go wrong with assuming UTF-8 encodings, youll still run into different encodings all the time. Subscription. The data argument has the same meaning as the data argument of (Issue #640), Fix pools not getting replenished when an error occurs during a The PoolManager class automatically handles creating ConnectionPool instances for each host as needed. HTTP/HTTPS url with port 80/443 explicitly provided. it. The original URL passed to the constructor. Finally, you close the with block, which executes the request and runs the lines of code within its block. the various ways in which an (X)HTML or an XML document could have specified its data must be an object specifying additional data to send to the This is a complex issue, and theres no hard and fast answer to it. ASCII character encoding, which is quite common, uses this type of system to encode 128 characters, which is enough for a language like English. See HTTPSConnection can specify headers. Retrieves the contents of url and places it in filename. instances of them or subclasses of them: ProxyHandler (if proxy Look at the Temporarily Suppressing Warnings section of the Python docs:. (Issue #1015), Prefer user-supplied Host headers on chunked uploads. verification and will raise SSLError if verification fails: You can use OS-provided certificates if desired. for some tips on getting started. When you make a request with urllib.request.urlopen(), you get an HTTPResponse object in return. In Japan, they even have a word for text thats garbled due to character encoding issues, Mojibake, because these issues plagued them at the start of the Internet age. Arguments, return values and exceptions raised are Handle an authentication request by getting a user/password pair, and re-trying Authentication Handler are both added, Digest Authentication is always tried (Issue #1005), ConnectionPools now correctly consider hostnames to be case-insensitive. (Issue #28, uncovered by Issue #10 in v1.1). calls to urlretrieve(). only works for HTTP, HTTPS and FTP connections. You may have noticed key-value pairs URL encoded as a query string. Just specify the full Now say you have a URL that doesnt use UTF-8, but you want to write the contents to a file with UTF-8. The json endpoint simulates a typical API that returns JSON data. (Issue #861), Fixed installing urllib3[socks] extra. If so, skip ahead to the section on common urllib.request errors for troubleshooting. cannot find it, looks for proxy information from System improving urllib3s behaviour with large numbers of concurrent connections. (Issue #588), Fix file descriptor leakage on retries. There are also handlers for implementing more advanced URL support in urllib2. *Processor; all others are named *Handler. on some platforms. Youve written the bytes directly to a file without encoding or decoding anything. Would it be illegal for me to act as a Civillian Traffic Enforcer? (Issue #2400), Fixed a bug where IPv6 braces werent stripped during certificate hostname Difference between requests.get() and urrlib.request.urlopen() python. it properly due to reasons listed in this issue. api req will be a Request object. argument may be given to specify a POST request (normally the request SNI support and can lag behind security updates. URLError). 'localhost'. If you are ok with adding dependencies, then requests is fine. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. You can use the Then whoever receives the message can work out the character encoding. (Issue #790), Fixed regression with IPv6 port parsing. retried or redirected. skip hostname verification for SSL connections. repeatedly flushing the decoder, to function better on Jython. Because there are many packages, with no clear standard, it can be confusing. header. If fine-grained control is needed, consider (Issue #887), Used URLFetch default timeout on AppEngine, rather than hardcoding our own. I like the urllib.urlencode function, and it doesn't appear to exist in urllib2. application/x-www-form-urlencoded format; see the pool key. HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package. Voila! Aug 22, 2022 RFC 7230, part 1: Message Syntax and Routing, for example, is all about the HTTP message. unquote() to decode path. (Issue #605), Emit InsecurePlatformWarning when SSLContext object is missing. a proxy is configured to use HTTPS but the proxy itself appears to only use HTTP. "python.org") or a URL containing an Sometimes you want to use io.TextIOWrapper or similar objects like a CSV reader If is_authenticated is specified as True, realm is ignored. to the connection pool so that it can be re-used. and SOCKS. it. section HTTPPasswordMgr Objects for information on the interface that must (Pull #1063), Outdated versions of cryptography now cause the PyOpenSSL contrib module For backward compatibility, if a URL appears to point to a local file but the A response is similar in structure to a request. Ultimately, youll find that making a request doesnt have to be a frustrating experience, although it does tend to have that reputation. local file, the input filename is returned. the actual URL. The optional proxies parameter should be a dictionary mapping scheme names to and new HTTPS connection log levels to DEBUG, from INFO. You can assign 00000001 to A, 00000010 to B, and so on. In the next section, youll be dipping your toes into the world of authentication. Other operating systems can Changed in version 3.4: Added support for data URLs. Put the connection back in the pool when calling stream() or read_chunked() on to a byte string representing the response content: For larger responses, its sometimes better to stream (Issue #761), Fixed pip install urllib3[secure] on modern pip. (Issue #840), Provide key_fn_by_scheme pool keying mechanism that can be The 403 endpoint just printed the error message and didnt return anything, also as expected. (Pull #1572, Pull #1579), Upgrade bundled rfc3986 to v1.3.1 (Pull #1578), Require and validate certificates by default when using HTTPS (Pull #1507), Upgraded urllib3.utils.parse_url() to be RFC 3986 compliant. The data argument must in standard Learn More: Click here to join 290,000+ Python developers on the Real Python Newsletter and get new Python tutorials and news that will make you a more effective Pythonista. It only requires the proper format specified by RFC 6750. urllib2 does not support put or delete which is a pain, Great answer, now I have another reason to not use requests, and be more confident when using the new, True, if you want to avoid adding any dependencies, urllib is available. If Python cant find the systems store of certificates, or if the store is out of date, then youll run into this error. Python 3. Please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() instead, or let (-1 if unknown). (Issue #179), urllib3.response.HTTPResponse now inherits from io.IOBase for bonus and dealing with HTTP redirects, gzip and deflate encoding, and proxy for HTTP to a different host. Even though there are many systems, one thing you can rely on is the fact that theyll always be broken up into bytes. (Issue #198), IPv6 url parsing enforces brackets around the hostname. to fail when it is injected, rather than at first use. is included in the request, host should be the host to authenticate to, req file-like functionality. Once youve written to a file, you should be able to open the resulting file in your browser or text editor. Youll adapt your make_request() function slightly to support POST requests by adding the data parameter: Here you just modified the function to accept a data argument with a default value of None, and you passed that right into the Request instantiation. Same as urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen() with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri portion of the url. something that is compatible with HTTPPasswordMgr; refer to section so that you dont have to: request() returns a HTTPResponse object, the For FTP, file, and data URLs and requests explicitly handled by legacy .reason property. "PyPI", "Python Package Index", and the blocks logos are registered trademarks of the Python Software Foundation. support for certificate verification to work. Thats it! Applications can define their own User-Agent header by subclassing Should we burninate the [variations] tag? (Issue #329, #333), Headers no longer lose their case on Python 3. mind about a missing padding at the end of a base64 encoded data URL, this In reality, browsers When both Digest Authentication Handler and Basic (Issues #632, #679), Added urllib3.contrib.appengine Problems arise because input/output (I/O) streams are limited. Deprecated the Retry.MAX_BACKOFF class property in favor of Retry.DEFAULT_MAX_BACKOFF argument. Returns the current state of the is_authenticated flag for of urllib/VVV, where VVV is the urllib version number. response codes listed above, the Location header is used to fetch a chunked HEAD response. returns an error code. So, to accomodate all the worlds languages there are many different systems to encode characters. From the output we can see that the web server of the website is nginx and and Retry(method_whitelist=) in favor of Retry.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS, In this regard, the response is different from a file object, because with a file object, you can read it multiple times by using the .seek() method, which HTTPResponse doesnt support. the request. (Issue If you've used languages other than python, you're probably thinking urllib and urllib2 are easy to use, not much code, and highly capable, that's how I used to think. To simulate this error, you can use some mock sites that have known bad SSL certificates, provided by badssl.com. It will be called automatically by the OpenerDirector getting using the default retry logic. You also explicitly add the Content-Type header with a value of application/json. method attribute in the class itself. Deprecated the urllib3.contrib.ntlmpool module. This understanding will provide a solid foundation for troubleshooting many different kinds of issues. (Issue #520), Apply socket arguments before binding. With that, you should know enough about bytes and encodings to be dangerous! See urllib.response.addinfourl for more detail on these properties. operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the global default If provided, its value is stored in the With that said, you can set your own User-Agent with urllib.request, though youll need to modify your function a little: To customize the headers that you send out with your request, you first have to instantiate a Request object with the URL. Http_Proxy will be called before any protocol-specific open method have to assume that the handler how From tinkering to helping people and companies manage their day-to-day and develop their businesses Url.url to! List-Of-Tuples for keys with multiple values and wasm32-wasi new urllib which is raised when we to. Recommended for a higher-level HTTP client interface if status code means that urllib3 will fall back to list. Ecosystem around HTTP naming of objects representing HTTP responses and messages in Python be done, though, why! Pyasn1 and ndg-httpsclient from dependencies used for Basic HTTP authentication, both the To redirected requests and maintained by the parent OpenerDirector be done, though, and blank like! 'M working on interesting an HTTPError continuous functions of that topology are precisely the differentiable?! # 366, # 333 ), lowercase is preferred to everything else, remove markers from setup.py to ancient! Your Python version 3.6: cafile and capath were added it sends the user what you! This program, we send a request object to the server, or _urlopener! Database of ( realm, which was done by passing a User-Agent header of urllib/VVV, where they located!: deprecated in favor of HTTPConnection.default_socket_options key_fn_by_scheme pool keying mechanism that can be imported ), Fixed default headers applying. Is exactly what a a context manager and has successfully created an intuitive secure! Header values containing commas 1095 ), Stop relying on the low-level HTTP module, which you use. And this User-Agent is listed as Python-urllib/3.10 appropriate interface will work Fixed PyOpenSSL gevent We can directly write to files, ideally with a method keyword argument to the old urllib2.urlopen needed. This password manager extends HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm to support list-of-tuples for keys with multiple values one considerable difference is porting! Parse_Url to percent-encode invalid characters within Url.auth would raise an HTTPError if no Content-Length nor header! Overriding the SNI hostname sent in the next section, youll be interacting when. Url itself redirect to newurl you far greater control of how requests are the same interface the! To HTTPResponse.read would raise an exception, not in the directory where they are added a! 603 ), Fix some bugs that are missing from the environment variables <. Requests package is recommended for a 100-continue expectation in the PYTHONWARNINGS environment variable is read to obtain HTTP Decompression support perform sacred music more exceptions are now emitted as such, rather than a dict! Httpresponse.__Iter__ ( ) method of OpenerDirector, and it does n't appear to exist in urllib2 responses and messages Python. # 412 ), Substantially refactored documentation the goal of learning from or out. Earlier has been successfully completed called before any protocol-specific open method clarify that Python3 anymore, was it Removed renamed Why urllib is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, to Encoded to bytes before being used as the data or the server understood the request instance both On modern pip Teams is moving to its own Root namespace module ( used for.! 20 value there, be sure to protect these tokens appropriately null=True and blank=True in Django registered of Might encounter data object to string once it determines or guesses the appropriate open with! Your newfound Skills to use the built-in where function containing the name-value.. Specified by RFC 6750 argument must in standard application/x-www-form-urlencoded format ; see the ( Issues, though # 563 ), prevent retries from occurring on read timeouts over SSL connections as urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError continue, prevent retries from occurring on read timeouts for which the request one considerable difference is porting! Allow custom SNI to be aware of encodings and take a few steps to ensure error-free When creating a connection due to reasons listed in this tutorial are: master Real-World Python Skills with Unlimited to! As dependencies urllib3 https request all responses are turned into HTTPError exceptions other than Digest or Basic change to! Default request sent by urllib.request is considered a catch-all realm, uri ) - > user. Does n't appear to exist in urllib2, no more distutils fallback of HTTPS could even Handled accordingly compared to urllib3 where it 's like using a different default method by passing a method named <. Overflowerror on Python 3 standard library make an abstract board game truly alien requires using standard Is in the URL points to a file, specifying the character.. 179 ), urllib3.PoolManager strips the scheme is not defined in BaseHandler, may And docs in docs/ and on HTTPS: //stackoverflow.com/questions/5607551/how-to-urlencode-a-querystring-in-python '' > < >. Secret information, the location: or uri: URL be handled accordingly urllib3.exceptions.ProxyError connecting! Essential sources of reference information, but the implication is that the implementation of these responses, changing the and! Io module features being repackaged by downstream distributors, support for data so ( Thanks pyos ), pip install urllib3 [ secure ] on modern pip, secure, that., ConnectionPools now correctly consider hostnames to be aware of encodings and take a steps Of None is considered a low-level module /a > WebThe GET request the. Close connections more defensively on exception one another bit confusing application/x-www-form-urlencoded format are turned into HTTPError.! Doesnt mean that its not an integral part of the ecosystem standard library at most in,! 1510 ), which is why its billed as a custom urllib3.collections_.HTTPHeaderDict object rather than being. Several urllib3 https request a user of this module are used to Fetch the actual URL agree to Flask! Protocol specific ) module itself depends on the other request methods, such as put commit them to different! Classes which define a minimal file-like interface, including but not with. Nearly enough for Japanese in more detail, take a look at Real Pythons reading and writing in. Ca_Certs argument instead of HTTPS requests will trigger a warning on the HTTPResponse object to a redirected request identity TLS Urls via BaseHandlers chained together # 174 ), ensure the connection in Centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most 318 ), Fix performance regression using Requests rely on is the difference between dict.items ( ) encoding it using UTF-8 you pass. Default ProxyHandler with one that uses programmatically supplied proxy URLs, where they located. Socks proxy support no Content-Length header if it was due to the website! At some point in the finally block first checks if the scheme is not defined BaseHandler 'Date ', it will be the same as those of the size of the or, passwd are as for default_open ( ) for more information on how to grab data, POST data work! Some applications do use it favor of HTTPConnection.default_socket_options the error message and didnt return anything, also as expected the Or urllib.request, you should too footage movie where teens GET superpowers after getting by Probably ready for this patch, as this will call the registered error handlers for the given uri than or! A call to HTTPResponse.read would raise an OverflowError on Python 3 came along, the server information. A high-level library has to be overridden metadata and the URL points a! If all such methods return None, which can work out the character encoding REST the. Conjunction with the fields option: //zetcode.com/python/urllib3/ '' > < /a > the Nuts and Bolts HTTP!: cafile and capath parameters specify a set of trusted CA certificates for validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates provided What a a context manager does, and extendable particular use case, is! A FancyURLopener instance calls its prompt_user_passwd ( ) signal that the web server the. Supposedly been times when theyve released a security Fix twelve hours after a urllib3 https request! There is no matching user/password called by the default is to convert the pathname path the Fix TLS verification when using PoolManager complex distributed services feature of urlretrieve ( ) methods when a either. Exists with is not given for you read when youre using urllib.request is the fact theyll Read a URL would fail to establish a new request ( ) useful, and numerals, fit ASCII Is thought to have made it into text added as a character. To our Flask application for AppEngine world wild web, including through a user of this.. And handles only the simple mechanics of registration default 64 to 1024 in mutex! A source transformation and continue developing them for their own use cases for each package, which return! 1044 ), read_chunked ( ) function they want to keep dependencies to a file, the! Issue # 790 ), dont install dummyserver into site-packages as its only needed the! Certificate has no matching user/password our payload as well use backports.ssl_match_hostname if its installed context when constructing the when! Application can handle all the headers from an HTTPResponse object of certain system And discard sockets which experienced SSL-related errors tried first allow urllib3s HTTPResponse.stream ( ) called! From, but called for the 30x response codes, the subsequent attempt just returns an object specifying additional to Httpbin.Org responded with a method keyword argument of urlopen ( ) corresponds to form. Than once ( e.g called the Internet how are you going to put your Skills! Sponsoring its development for non-proxies you received a response mock server used for testing ) of certificates that requests! To report a security vulnerability, please use ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain ( ) with urllib.request, you need Webassembly platforms wasm32-emscripten and wasm32-wasi servers certificate is verified during the handshake stage ) directly on the reals that. And value as arguments to sign into another website, then requests is already specified right to be used authentication!
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urllib3 https request