Waterborne pathogens and disinfection processes will be discussed in this course. How do I report an unsafe or unhealthy work situation? A notifiable illness is when someone becomes seriously ill as a result of work; this is then a notifiable event. There are many tests for evaluating slump in concrete: the flow table test (DIN 1048-1) uses similar, but differently-sized, apparatus, but the table on which the slump cone is placed is dropped several times after the slump cone is removed, and the measurement is of the diameter of the sample, not the height. This section is applicable to both developing and developed countries. Using inappropriate techniques when handling precast concrete elements (eg not using the right equipment for the job). Applicants must comply with the general regulations of the School of Graduate Studies Calendar as well as specific departmental regulations. The boom should be placed directly over the centre of gravity (CoG) of the element and the boom angle needs to be adjusted to compensate for boom deflection. A crane has to be stable to operate safely and effectively. Bridge Division controls construction change releases and sequential ordering. Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Dimensions and Mass (VDAM) 2016, Land Transport Rule: Work Time and Logbooks 2007, mass distribution (that is, the location of the centre of mass), the stability of long or unusually shaped elements, the need for strongbacks (see Section 6.6 of these guidelines). The course introduces various structural and non-structural stormwater management measures. Props are commonly used to support floors and beams. 21 No. The precast concrete element must not be lifted from the vehicle until the driver is in the designated safety area. Development lengths for compression reinforcement shall be calculated in accordance with LRFD 5.11.2.2. Know and understand the hazards and risks associated with manufacturing and construction work in general, for example: PCBUs must assess and manage work risks, taking the views of workers and their representatives into account. For people to evacuate safely, it is important that these requirements are met simultaneously: fire is detected in incipient or growth stage (earlier the better), occupants are notified using fire alarm and a safe fire escape route exists in the building. These regulations arereferred to throughout these guidelines. Certain risks must be dealt with in a particular way. All bridge plans shall be drawn in MicroStation and shall have the following levels, colors and line weights: Reinforcing steel, except when sectioned, is shown by a single line. Sections 39 43 of HSWA are in the appendices of these guidelines. To minimise the risk of damage during handling: Provide temporary bracing or strongbacks for precast concrete elements where required. All welds to FCMs shall be considered fracture critical and shall conform to the requirements of FCP. elements swinging (like a gate) when being lifted from the storage frame. 1 (or Unit 1 on a culvert), 200 series for Bent 2, etc. hazards which can cause partial or complete collapse of the building, and incapacitation of building operations. confirmed if temporary on-site storage is needed? 21, available at: www.ctif.org/sites/default/files/ctif_report21_world_fire_statistics_2016.pdf (accessed 30 June 2019). It is due to this high toxicity of smoke (toxic gases, soot particles and vapor) that more fire deaths occur from smoke than burning itself (NFPA, 2018). The signed and sealed revised plan sheets shall be saved to the appropriate contract plans folder in ProjectWise. Face-lifted precast concrete elements that are to be fixed vertically should be designed to hang no more than 10 degrees from the vertical. The Location Sketch, Land Survey Block, and the Structural Title Block typically located on the Plan and General Elevation Sheet is located with the Index of Drawings on the Index Sheet. The following list of approved symbols shall be observed where applicable and are shown with the required spacing. This study used the results of an experimental investigation on ten (10) PCCP samples taken from an existing water pipeline. All other modification factors shall be used. including delivery loads, placing and erecting loads? Further, this traditional approach of evaluating fire resistance is often overly conservative and do not account for specific conditions in buildings such as varying fuel load, realistic fire and loading scenarios, compartmentation characteristics, member interactions, continuity, restraint conditions etc. This is why they do not perform well in earthquakes, when entire buildings are shaken horizontally. The fire performance of new construction materials should be characterized and used in the fire design process. Arrows of leader notes shall typically touch the edge of the objects they point to. ); materials producing toxic smoke on combustion; and combustible building components such as composite panels and timber. Detail circles are used around a portion of a detailed object that needs to be shown enlarged for the sake of clarity. General Risk andWorkplace Management, Part 1. direct workers to cease unsafe work where there is a serious risk to health and safety from an imminent or immediate exposure to a hazard. 11 Adapted from images provided by McLeod Cranes Limited. Lateral bracing is sometimes used to resist panel basemovement, wind and other lateral forces. You will need to identify and assess health and safety risks arising fromyour own work. What potential risks may arise from other work being carried out on-site? Careful planning and scheduling will reduce the need to handle and relocate precast concrete elements. possible influences of suction and friction during demoulding? %PDF-1.3 % Abbreviations should be capitalized if shown that way below; otherwise capitalization shall be in accordance with Capitalization. Many collapses during earthquakes occur in buildings that have load-bearing masonry walls. prevent damage from concrete-to-concrete contact. The client will often engage a head contractor to manage a construction project. Bending of unsymmetrical members. When possible, place bearers above the wall supporting the precast flooring. These challenges arise because of: modern buildings having high fuel (fire) load which is hard to limit; highly combustible nature of room contents due to more plastic and cellulose based materials in modern houses; open space architecture and use of too much glass (which is poor for fire compartmentation); use of new construction materials with poor fire performance; and. 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Therefore, for a standard house with 204.3 m2 (2,200 ft2) area total cost of installation alone is US$2,962 (approximately INR 200,000). For life safety, code should provide acceptable limits for toxicity, combustibility, and egress parameters to ensure life safety during fire exposure. Their main goal is to allow ample time for firefighting and rescue operations, and to minimize monetary losses. Performance-based codes should also provide guidelines to limit or minimize property losses under fire exposure by providing guidelines on detection and evaluation of residual strength of fire exposed structures (i.e. This applies equally to coring locations. 633-644. Details for dimensioning reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Manual of Standard Practice. review and if necessary revise control measures to maintain, so far as is reasonably practicable, a work environment that doesnt have risks to health and safety. The erection crew needs information about how the precast concrete elementswill be handled on-site, including special rigging requirements, temporarypropping requirements, and any handling restrictions. Before supplying a precast concrete element, the PCBU who manufactured the element should be satisfied that the element was manufactured in accordance with the approved shop drawings and to the design/specifications specified by upstream designers. This subarticle provides guidance on several supplementary details that may be required, dependent on the type of structure. Whereas, in post flashover phase, duration for which temperatures keep increasing from combustion is defined as burning stage, and subsequent cooling is defined as decay stage of fire. Related Papers. They can be colored during manufacturing or stained or painted after installation. Identify all risks before work commences and put control measures in place. Lifting anchors in precast concrete elements that will be lifted multiple times during their service life should be designed using a minimum factor of safety of 5.0. 1724E-214. Whereverpossible, identify health and safety risks early and deal with them at the designstage. Any lift plan needs to address the significant hazard of the element either sliding forward or back towards the crane when it is being lifted. the likelihood of the hazard or risk occurring, the severity of the harm that may result from the hazard or risk, what a person knows or ought to reasonably know about the risk and the ways of eliminating or minimising it, how available and suitable control measures are. During this long time-span, buildings are subjected to several natural (earthquake, hurricane, tsunamis etc.) How will trainers tailor training to meet learners needs? inadequate structural capacity of foundations. Are support methods, including falsework: Is there enough clear space for safely propping and bracing precast concrete elements? PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DOUBLE-TEE GIRDER Space limitations on plans may require use of footnotes. Typical examples for location of *** on plans for tension flange only of plate girders are shown below. This type of material is not favored for solid masonry as it requires a great amount of mortar and can lack intrinsic structural strength. enable businesses and worker representatives to meet regularly and work co-operatively to improve health and safety at work, bring together workers and management to develop and review work health and safety policies and practices. Detailed provisions in building codes are specified to avert the occurrence of fire, manage its impact, and to ensure life and structural safety while keeping property and life losses to a minimum. 5 No. Not using appropriate control measures to minimise exposure to substances commonly used in precast concrete manufacture (including concrete, curing compounds and release agents). refer to the control of fire by taking some action using an automated device or by a person. Or if the General Notes are organized into subheadings, all of the reference notes shall be listed under a Reference Notes subheading. The driver should refer to the site traffic management plan before beginning the delivery journey. This note is already included on the Boring Data Standard Drawing. Also, in developed countries, regulation authorities should benefit from newly developed cognitive infrastructure, where active and passive fire safety measures in building are monitored continuously using automated sensors, to check for fire safety regulation and enforcement automatically (Naser and Kodur, 2018). Ensure the fixings are still secure and the system still complies with theerection design. In recent years, new construction materials are being developed to achieve high performance in terms of strength, stiffness, ductility and cost. The precast manufacturer may use a Manufacturers Statement of Compliance to confirm the concrete strength to the person transporting and/or erecting precast concrete elements. erection and temporary support of the precast concrete elements, considering the loads imposed. Check, record and report any damage to the precast concrete element before offloading. The PCBU must address the risk of workers being exposed to a suspended load. Some automated slump meters, such as the one by Verifi also can add water to the concrete mix in the delivery truck while in transit. How will learning be supported after training? Consider the strength of the concrete in the brace footing when designingbracing anchors for foundations. Will training cover identification of hazards related to: handling, transporting, storing, and erecting precast concrete? Arrows of leader notes shall point to a tilde (~) placed inside the object when the note specifies work done to the surface of the object, specifies the end of the object in a sectional view, or specifies an object having edges concurrent with another object (e.g. In accordance with GRWM Regulations 24 and 25, a PCBU must manage risks associated with work being done under any raised or lifted object, and manage risks associated with falling objects. If the precast manufacturer suggests using a concrete grade and/or additional reinforcing that differs from the structural designers specifications, the head contractor should ask the structural designer to approve the change before the precast concrete element is manufactured. If PCBUs cant eliminate these risks, they must minimise the risks, so far as is reasonably practicable. The section or survey (SEC/SUR), township (TWP) and range (RGE) of the Public Land Survey System where the structure is located shall be indicated using small bold text in the land survey block in the upper right corner of the sheet. When joint filler is indicated on any sheet of the plans, the required type of joint filler shall be specified in either the detail or a note. EPG 751.5.2.1.3 Information Blocks provides instructions for filling out required information blocks. The precast manufacturer and other PCBUs involved in the design, transport and erection processes should work together to plan the intended construction and erection sequences before the precast concrete elements are manufactured. Principles of numerical modeling and examination of selected hydrologic models. Safe transport and delivery of precast concrete elements requires planning and co-operation between PCBUs, particularly the transport operator, the head operator and the erector. 865-891. Buildings constitute majority of built infrastructure and play a pivotal role in socio-economic development of a country. Assign enough people to each job, taking into account the weight anddistance involved. [5]:68, The slump test is suitable for slumps of medium to low workability, slump in the range of 5 260mm, the test fails to determine the difference in workability in stiff mixes which have zero slump, or for wet mixes that give a collapse slump. For example (5@45) means continuous spans however (40,5@45,45) means a continuous deck over simple spans. The review process should take into account matters such as: WorkSafes guidance Reasonably Practicable [PDF, 44 KB]. The design of lifting beams, spreaders and frames must be certified by a Chartered Professional Engineer or Design Verifier approved by WorkSafe. Thisincludes all personal protective equipment (PPE). The dimensions from the centerline of roadway to each edge of the roadway shall be provided also. made sure all relevant workers know the erection sequence? If strongbacks are required, are they correctly installed? For cast-in or post-installed fixings to brace foundations, the capacity of the fixing may be less than the capacity of the brace itself, requiring additional braces to support the precast concrete element. The relationships between the charge distribution on particles and that on solid surfaces, other particles, and porous media (membranes, electrodes, sorbents, soils). Even though number of fires in developed countries is significantly high than developing countries, still the death rate in developed countries is much lower than developing countries with lower number of fire incidents (Brushlinsky et al., 2016). Titles and subtitles of details and sheet titles shall be in all capitals, including bracketed information, except for units of measure, e.g. To demonstrate the applicability of this framework in improving fire safety in buildings, major limitations of current fire protection measures are identified and detailed strategies are provided to address these limitations using proposed fire safety framework. A PCBU is a person conducting a business or undertaking. and Chien, S.W. Are lifting anchors in the correct location? This is a marked area where people can safely stand while a vehicle is being loaded or unloaded. The head contractor on the construction site should ensure that the traffic management plan is available on-site at all times when work is being carried out. WebReinforced concrete, as an economic building material, is very popular nowadays. If precast concrete elements are stored in areas where vehicles are moving, protect the elements with bollards or other physical barriers, and provide appropriate warning signs. A levelling pad (concrete footing) or a level bearing area is used to provide a level seating for the shims, as shown in Figure 21. Storage racks, frames and supports should be designed for the shape, size and weight of the precast concrete element, and to resist the loads and forces applied to them. Also, such an approach will allow fabricators to assess the fire resistance of structural members and assemblies before undertaking expensive and time-consuming fire tests in laboratories. - Energy Infrastructure Systems: Operation, Management and Resilience (Term 2) taught by Dr. Wael El-Dakhakhni Inches shall be reported in fractions not decimals (3/4 inch, not 0.75 inch; 2 1/2 inches, not 2.5 inches) except in the bill of reinforcing steel. All reinforcing steel that is included in a bill of reinforcing steel shall be specified in dimensions and leader notes using reinforcing callouts specifying both quantity and bar mark. In developed countries, research should focus on developing new fire resistant materials and harnessing emerging technological advances for mitigation of fire hazard. The guidelines are divided into ten sections: Key hazards are listed at the start of several sections. Additionally, the table below shows the recommended tolerances for location of lifting anchors cast into precast concrete elements. Has the head contractor on the construction site together with all relevant PCBUs: Table 20: On-site access: What to consider. Consider whether a small incident could escalate to a serious situation. GRWM Regulation 25: Managing risks associated with falling objects. Also, in all irregularly planned cities, reserved parking spots should be provided for firefighting vehicles in building sites along with maintaining active water mains, fire extinguishers, and a separate water tank to reduce initial start time of firefighting operations. The scope of this article is to provide preferred detailing practices for in-house structural drawings for the purpose of decreasing detailing hours by reducing revisions based solely on personal preferences. 3 unit(s) manage the health and safety risks from objects that are reasonably likely to fall on and injure a person. NFPA (2018), Reporters guide: the consequences of fire, available at: www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/Press-Room/Reporters-Guide-to-Fire-and-NFPA/Consequences-of-fire. MBS that are required in bridge approach slabs will not be directly paid for but instead the cost will be considered completely covered by the contract unit price for the bridge approach slab. and manmade (fire, explosion etc.) 1. documents describing the erection processes and responsibilities. There are also several supplementary details, dependent on the type of structure that may be required. Concrete demands strict quality control and skilled labor during mixing, placing and curing of concrete. At most, wood played a supporting role in projects where concrete and steel did the heavy lifting. If a vehicle is required to be moved during unloading, all remaining precast concrete elements on the vehicle must be restrained to meet the requirements of The Official New Zealand Truck Loading Code and the requirement for an individual safety restraint on each element. An HSMS brings together policies and procedures to create a systematicapproach for managing health and safety in a precast concrete operation, andshould be part of the operations overall management system. Engage with workers and their representatives at every step. The values for Grade 40 bars are 40/60 of the values in the table (not less than 8db, 6 in. A Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng) should consider the size, shape, weight and connection details of precast concrete elements when designing strongbacks. The precast manufacturer needs to know the clients requirements. The article is divided into the following three groups: one subarticle covering general detailing, seven subarticles covering specific structural plan sheets and one subarticle covering miscellaneous details. The proposed framework involves enhancement of fire safety in four key areas: fire protection features in buildings, regulation and enforcement, consumer awareness and technology and resources advancement. F eo An "equivalent opening factor" derived from Figure 705.7 based on the average temperature of the unexposed wall surface and the fire-resistance rating of the wall . Is there enough space to store precast concrete elements? Therefore, the limit on the available combustible fuel load inside a building is dependent on the fire resistance requirement of the building and vice versa. 169-181. Therefore, this paper aims to present a critical review of current fire protection measures and their applicability to address current challenges relating to fire hazards in buildings. If a suspended slab is to be used to support a crane or heavy vehicle, a Chartered Professional Engineer (CPEng) should design the slab for the point loads applied by the cranes outriggers, wheel loads, or any other construction loads. Development, production, testing, inspection and application of lifting anchors and lifting anchor systems should meet acceptably high and consistent standards to ensure that they are fit for purpose. Carry out a site assessment before work begins. Put a system in place to prevent workers falling from vehicles while loads are being rigged. A temporary propping system may be required for a suspended slab. Added for identifying new details being added, Deleted for identifying existing details being deleted, Revised (Date) for existing sheets with revisions being added, Sheet Added (Date) for new sheets being added, Sheet Deleted (Date) for existing sheets being deleted, Bridge spans, identified in accordance with. During fully developed stage, fire temperatures can reach above 1,000C which can cause significant degradation in strength and stiffness properties of structural materials (concrete, steel, wood, etc.) WebHazards Associated with Strand Restraint Devices in Manufacturing Prestressed Concrete Beams. During pre-flashover phase of fire, combustion generates several toxic gases which are extremely deleterious to humans and inhalation (even in small quantities) can be fatal within minutes (Nelson, 1998; Alarie, 2002). It is used to protect traffic from roadside obstacles or to prohibit traffic movements. This process applies risk management methods and allows early identification of risks that can be addressed through design. For example, according to an NFPA estimate sprinklers cost about $14.5 per m2 ($1.35 per ft2 mean cost) in new construction (NFPA, 2013). Batter is used to express the slight slope built into structural elements that are typically built vertical. 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limitations of prestressed concrete