cultural relativism food

Factor analysis identified those attitudes, towards tooth brushing, sugar snacking and childhood caries. The prevalence of caries may be high or low in people whose general nutritional standard is high, and it may be high or low in people whose nutritional standard is low. Epidemiologic studies have also shown, however, that refined sugar is not the sole cause of caries, since in some isolated communities caries does occur in its absence. This results in extensive abrasion of the teeth. Some are vegetarians because they believe in the superior virtue of plant foods. Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural relativism. %PDF-1.5 % Available from: http://biomedpharmajournal.org/?p=3340>. The idea was subsequently popularized by some of his students. In this case, being nude is not considered a sexual suggestion but an appropriate bodily state. According to Kreshover (1956)9, the incidence of oral manifestations of nutritional deficiencies is probably much less than commonly thought. Age, sex and mental state are factors of importance. JAMES RACHELS. Or imagine a culture which says it is morally correct to hurt children. This study supports the hypothesis that parental attitudes significantly has an impact on the establishment of habits favorable to oral health. Cultural relativism is a tool for unbiased critique; a reflection of our known ways. Attitudes were significantly different in families from deprived and non-deprived backgrounds and in families of children with and without caries. Is it possible to retain cultural traditions and also promote healthy living? As a. Therefore, any opinion on morality or ethics is dependent on a persons cultural perspective. To define cultural relativism, you must understand two terms relevant to the topic. Paradoxically, the food that defines the culture and makes New Orleans so great, is killing its people. Several observers have noticed that some people who habitually chew sugar cane (but do not eat refined sugar) have a relatively low caries rate. Truths and wrongs cannot be generated by one specific group of people, but originate from something more universal and fundamental. New Orleans is often exemplified as a city rich with African American and Southern culture. However, they have also stated: These findings do not prove that total nutrition and periodontal disease are unrelated; before any progress can be made towards answering this question, thorough dietary and nutritional surveys are needed, both in groups with a low prevalence of periodontal disease and in groups with a very high prevalence.. From their point of view, they frame other cultures as weird and exotic. A persons belief and value system should be understood in the context of his own culture rather than against the criteria of another culture. 2022 Copyrights Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement, Correction, Retraction, Withdrawal Policies, Policies on Conflict of Interest, Human and Animal rights, and Informed Consent, Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement, Culture and its Influence on Nutrition and Oral Health, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Two widely recommended strategies for incorporating nutrition education directed toward children and youth into health promotion and disease prevention efforts are school-based nutrition education and the integration of nutritional care into health care. It supports the idea of following traditions, customs, and practices that are specific to an individuals culture. Food habits are one of the most complex aspects of human behavior, being determined by multiple motives and directed and controlled by multiple stimuli. N.Y. Acad. It also helps one to make sense of a different culture. Critics of cultural relativism argue that there must be some unquestionable absolutes of right and wrong despite the culture of a society. First, this term can indicate no specific standard for morality, and good and evil are relative to society. Nelson Freimer et al (1983)5. Is our goal to eliminate every unhealthy behavior that exists, and if not, where do we draw the line? Basically,. It has also greatly influenced social sciences such as anthropology. The relationship of some dietary factors to dental health is shown in Figure 2.3. Not making a judgment is still making a choice. Cultural variation- nutritional and clinical implications. Prevalence of dental caries among population of Gwalior (India) in relation of different associated factors. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. It teaches us to look at other cultures and to respect their history and traditions. High fat, high carb, high sugar sources of food are in abundance in New Orleans, and in a city known for its violence, diabetes was the second leading cause of death in 2010. Vegetarianism with five pungent foods excluded: garlic, leek, scallion, chives, and onion. %%EOF Nelson Freimer. Familial and cultural perceptions and beliefs of oral hygiene and dietary practices among ethnically and socio-economically diverse groups. Klatsky M. (1948) cited in N. Davies. A society that believes that there is no ultimate right or wrong loses a sense of making any rational judgment. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. Cultural relativism is appropriate for certain human rights; for instance, language, food. Many people are strict vegetarians for religious reasons. Much of it is marinated, chopped or ground, and often mixed with vegetables and cereals. It is the idea that the system of moral and ethics, which varies from one culture to another, are all equal, and that no system ranks above the other. What are the two main types of relativism? Firstly, culture is a subject that you can interpret from many perspectives. They found that incidence of dental caries was higher in female. Wheat and rice are primary grain products. 2. Relativism, including cultural relativism, is considered to be self-contradictory and impossible, as it seems to reject the idea of a universal right and wrong. In parts of Europe and the Middle East, fruits and vegetables are not preserved, so that they can be eaten only seasonally. 1Sreedhar Reddy,MDS, Dept Of Public Health Dentistry, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Melakottaiyur Post, Chennai 600127 Acculturative and environmental change influences the food habits and health of transitional groups. 2. In different cultures, certain foods are considered heavy, some are light some as foods for strength; some as luxury, etc1. Frying and boiling are the most common preparation methods. Probably one of the most important things to remember in connection with the cultural factors involved in food habits is that there are many combination of food which will give same nutritional results1. Several countries have used cultural relativism as a reason for limiting rights in the Universal Declaration of the Human Right. As an Alcohol and Other Drug Intervention Specialist, I see these numbers and right away want to try and change them, but I need to ask myself how alcohol is part of culture. It also suggests that all cultures can learn from one another. The modern world has widely embraced the concept of cultural relativism, with words such as tolerance and acceptance taking on a new meaning. School based nutrition education programs targeted toward very specific eating behaviors are showing very promising results in regard to behavior and attitude change of children and adolescents. It encourages cultural development. The manner in which nutritional factors may affect dental health is shown in Figure2.3. Instead, it is a device used to investigate different cultures without making judgments about those cultures. Between-meal food consumption is neither so frequent nor as ritualized as in many European countries. People can learn much from one another. In some of the Pacific Islands where the people have a bare subsistence intake of total nutrients, pregnancy, which increases nutritional requirements, may result in frank inadequacy states. Cultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. In several underdeveloped countries the customary methods of cooking result in the incorporation of sand and ashes in the food. The relationship between ethnicity and nutrition may be of evolutionary significance. Understanding cultural relativism enables one to escape the unconscious bond of their culture which biases their perceptions and reaction to the world. When one culture sees a tradition practiced by another as immoral, however, it becomes difficult for both cultures to maintain a dialogue. These factors determine the physical character of the food, and this affects the vigor and duration of mastication. The concept of cultural relativism was an important concept in countering the ethnocentrism that often tarnished research at the time. hb```A_Ad`0pLP`o`c/=u/R2!TAd*2 %;D%8df`^H# d`>20 y Is it possible to value fried foods, butter, lard, and sugar and all these amazing culinary dishes and still work towards a healthier society? Thus, any judgment on what is true or wrong depends on the societys rules, culture, and belief system. An appreciation of the impact of cultural and ethnic diversity is important in understanding how parental attitudes to oral health vary. Diet varies greatly according to region of country and lifestyle. on the prevalence of dental caries, which can be helpful to counteract the potential increase in the cases of dental caries and to design and plan preventive strategies for the persons at greatest risk. It is not surprising, therefore, to find considerable differences in food selection between rural and urban communities. John Cassel (1957)3 had illustrated in his review, that it is possible to derive some guiding principles indicating the significance of social and cultural factors to health programs in general. In sociology, the concept is practiced to overcome the problem of cultural bias that has plagued research. Kofi Annan: Importance of Youth Leadership, Youth Leadership in Community Development, Taking Youth Leadership to the Next Level, How We Are Helping Chinese Disabled Youth, Front Loading Washing Machines Pros and Cons List, Flat Organisational Structure Pros and Cons List, 22 Good Songs for 18th Birthday Slideshow, 35 Good Songs For 50th Birthday Slideshow, 42 Good Songs for 70th Birthday Slideshow, 40 Good Songs For 80th Birthday Slideshow, 22 Good Christian Christmas Songs for Preschoolers. Abdul Arif Khan. Pros of Cultural Relativism 1. Statements and opinions expressed on the HealthyHeels blog are strictly those of the authors and not of the University of North Carolina. The role of major nutrients in this respect is still debatable, but since the discovery of the fluoride-caries relationship the interest in trace elements and micronutrients has been heightened. I see food as one of the major causes of poor health and the key to eliminating health disparities; but this is where I am stuck. Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. Prohibits consumption of swine, shellfish, and carrion eaters. It offers new perspectives. HealthyHeels bloggers comply with all university policies, including the UNC-Chapel Hill Network Acceptable Use Policy, as well as applicable laws. In cultural relativism, you get to pursue your own interests without restriction. Numerous dental and dietary surveys have established that a direct relationship exists between the prevalence of dental caries and the frequency with which fermentable carbohydrate in a sticky form is consumed. It is also widely advocated in most highly developed countries. From this it is clear that any study of the diet in relation to dental caries should not be restricted to an evaluation of its carbohydrate content. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Changes will be acceptable only if they are in keeping with the established food habits of the people. Since dental caries begins on the outside of a tooth, it is generally conceded that nutritional factors could affect the resistance or predisposition of teeth to dental caries. [1] Those who choose to be different or intolerant to the idea of relativism are neither supported nor encouraged. Blog entries are authored by Student Wellness staff and guests. N. Davies. This is the knowledge that will help to determine why certain practices exist, how difficult it will be to change them, and give indications of the techniques that can be expected to be most helpful. It is generally more difficult to perceive the pattern or system into which these customs or beliefs fit. It is in this area of determining the pattern or system into which these customs or beliefs fit those social scientists can probably make their greatest contribution to health programs. Using the perspective of cultural relativism leads to the view that no one culture . Comments should be civil and on topic. Fig. In Italy. hO0. S.J. In many cultures food has a social or ceremonial role. Within both urban and rural communities, variations in food selection between families are also influenced by socio-economic status. These have shown that the incidence of caries can be altered by changing the form in which carbohydrate is eaten (i.e., its stickiness) and the frequency with which it is taken. Another example of an unhealthy habit that is closely associated with culture and food is the Russian consumption of Vodka. Appreciation of the interaction of culture and nutrition may be of benefit to physicians and nutritionists in clinical practice and to those concerned with the prevention of nutrition related chronic diseases. This is an example of ethnocentrism! 410 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<30C8468ACB328640BB052E4D80151FF7>]/Index[397 22]/Info 396 0 R/Length 72/Prev 241784/Root 398 0 R/Size 419/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Biomed Pharmacol J 2015;8(October Spl Edition). When implemented successfully, each person would get to focus on their strengths instead of their weaknesses. Some nations like Malaysia and Colombia give special rights to specific groups of people. Each person has a different perspective to offer. Neumann and Di Salvo (1954)15 have suggested that intermittent functional loads on the teeth resulting from vigorous mastication of tough foods not only may affect the rate of ionic exchange between the enamel and its environment but may also induce changes in the structure of enamel which increase the resistance of teeth to caries. The selection of food is often based on religious beliefs. Fibrous or tough food will promote the clearance of food debris from the mouth, only if it is eaten at the end of a meal. As such, it does not claim to define right or wrong behavior. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. In cultural relativism, the beliefs, practices, and values of an individual should be based on their culture instead of criterion that are developed by a different culture. There must be some level of structure put in place to control behavior and choice, otherwise any actions could be deemed fair and moral by someone, somewhere. Factors influencing standards of nutrition Soil management.-As an omnivorous animal, man obtains his food from both animal and vegetable sources. Basically, however, the nutritive value of his diet is determined by the nutrients present in the soil upon which his food is grown. I recently went to a conference where one of the main themes was learning to empower communities, so that the impetus for change comes from the inside out rather than the other way around. 31% of Russians consume vodka on a regular basis and it was not until 2011 that beer was even classified as alcoholic and not a food item. Cultural relativism is a position that has a few important principles we should discuss. Music, language, and food are all elements so unique in this city and so important to cultural identity. These have shown that the prevalence of dental caries increases when the people change from their traditional diet to one which includes refined sugar and flour. That kind of choice tends to foster internal resentment because those who disagree feel like they have no way to present their own culture into the conversation. Other cultural differences that must be tolerated include the role of different members of the family, religion and religious practices, and community leadership. Another group of nations like certain Islamic states that adhere to Sharia laws like Yemen and Iran also deny the need for political plurality. Cultural relativism is one of the most important concepts in the field of sociology, affirming and recognizing the relationship between social structure and the day-to-day life of an individual. Christine M. Olson (1989)6 had stated that childhood nutrition education is imperative in health promotion and disease prevention. What is cultural relativism? View UNCHealthyHeelss profile on Facebook, View @UNCHealthyHeelss profile on Twitter, View unchealthyheelss profile on Instagram, Managing the Emotional Roller Coaster of College. In many underdeveloped countries the traditional horticultural and agricultural practices are primitive, but they do maintain the fertility of the soil. 3. It is important to seek more information by asking your consumer questions about his/her culture and what kinds of foods he/she may prefer to eat and at what time of the day he/she prefers to eat a large meal. Recommendations provided on this blog are not substitutions for medical care. A plant or animal may be considered edible in one society and inedible in another. However, neither Boas nor the 21st-century relativist, James Wray-Miller coined the term cultural relativism. The term was first recorded by Alain Locke in 1924, who used the term to describe Robert Lowies cultural relativism. Food beliefs may have beneficial or detrimental effects on health status. Anne Burgess (1961)4 stated that health assistants with some training in the principles of anthropology and education are indeed an innovation and it appears an effective one. As stated by Benjamin Paul3, It is relatively easy to perceive that others have different customs and beliefs, especially if they are odd or curious. The sharing of food symbolizes a high degree of social intimacy and acceptance1. Anne Burgess. 397 0 obj <> endobj 2M. In Africa, for example, the prevalence of Kwashiorkor is higher in areas with a cash-crop economy than in less sophisticated areas where mixed farming is still practiced. Which brings me back to cultural relativism: the idea that all cultures should be valued, no one culture is superior to another, and there is not one cultural norm that is right. How can we honor and respect cultural practice and also ensure health and equity for all? Cultural relativism is the idea that advocates understanding of other cultures on their own terms and refraining from making value judgments using references from one's own culture. It got me thinking about my role in public health and how cultural relativism influences health promotion. Food and food habits as a basic part of culture serve as a focus of emotional association, a channel of love, discrimination and disapproval and usually have symbolic references. Each culture can offer the same. Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultural views are equally valid. Practices related to maternal and infant feeding.-In some societies an infant is breast-fed or offered other food after punishment or when it cries. endstream endobj 398 0 obj <>/Metadata 23 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 395 0 R/StructTreeRoot 36 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 399 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 400 0 obj <>stream It eliminates the idea of a universal morality. 1. 1. A variety of protein rich foods are often preserved by salting and drying. It states that there are no universal beliefs, and each culture must be understood in its own terms, because cultures cannot be translated into terms which are accessible everywhere. Ultimately, no particular ethical position can be considered the best. Cultural relativism is a vital tool in anthropology. As I discussed in my previous post on healthy weight, obesity is not a fail proof measurement, but it is a predictor of other things like heart disease and diabetes, and diabetes may be the bigger cause for concern. World Health Organization (1961) cited in N. Davies. However, in some places, being nude in public is a normal part of life. 1999. by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Other important factors include the selection and preparation of food, the order of eating, and the frequency of eating. 418 0 obj <>stream It is linked to but always distinguished from moral relativism, a concept that views morality as relative to a given standard. This is what makes us stronger as a people, not trying to determine which group is right and which is wrong all the time. Cultural variation may play an important role in human nutrition and must be considered in either clinical or public health intervention particularly in areas with large immigrant populations. Vegetable proteins are more common in countries with large rural and urban poor populations. In places dominated by Islam, a thorough body covering is expected. Where nutrition education has proved disappointing in the past, could it be that retention of customs has been as turbulent a thing as that of the villagers. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. Moslems and Jews can eat meat other than pork, but only if it has been killed in certain ways governed by religious laws. Puline M Adair, Cynthia M Pine et al (2004)7 had conducted a study on familial and cultural perceptions and beliefs of oral hygiene and dietary practices among ethnically and socio-economically diverse groups. Nutritional assessment may be complicated by cultural variation. The Report concludes that overconsumption of certain dietary components is now a major concern for Americans. This idea removed moral stigma from cultural behaviors and traditions by understanding them in their context, rather than compared to another culture's standard, or an objective standard. There are cultural classifications of food such as inedible, edible by animals, edible by human beings but not by ones own kind of human being, edible by human being such as self, edible by self. Cultural relativism is based on the fact that there is no specific ground rule for what is good or evil. The concept of cultural relativism as it is known and used today was developed as an analytic tool by Franz Boas, a German-American anthropologist, in the early years of the 20th century. Roth H.(1957) cited in N. Davies. For example, it explains why what constitutes breakfast vary from place to place. (1954) cited in N. Davies. John Cassel. By recognizing cultural relativism, a person recognizes that his or her culture shapes what is considered beautiful or otherwise, funny or abhorrent, good or bad, tasteful or tacky. Substantial changes in health care providers attitudes and practices and in the funding and financing of health care will be needed if nutrition education is to be delivered in the context of routine health care. In some countries this is a routine practice. According to Balendra.W(1949)13, a low intake of vitamin A increases the predisposition of betel-nut chewers to oral carcinoma. HealthyHeels in no way constitutes official University content. Paradoxically, the food that defines the culture and makes New Orleans so great, is killing its people. Instead of cultures bending to the worldview of a majority, cultural relativism encourages individualization. Bull. If one abnormal travels to another culture, they could be considered moral. Culture consist of values, attitudes, habits and customs, acquired by learning which starts with the earliest experiences of childhood, much of which is not deliberately taught by anyone and which so thoroughly internalized that it is unconscious but goes deep (Fathauer.G.H,1960)2. Storage and distribution of food.-In the Middle East and Far East, where the facilities for refrigeration, preservation, or storage are non-existent, and any animal slaughtered must be consumed immediately, so that the supply of first-class protein is irregular8. For example, the attitude toward corn among Mexican Indians is religious. Meat and milk are prepared in separate dishes/utensils and containers and not cooked, served, or eaten together.The dentist as a member of the health team can and in fact, is expected to impart sound nutritional information to his patients, particularly if it has an oral relevance. Your email address will not be published. . Meat is highly valued, mostly grilled, stewed, or preserved through drying and smoking. These have shown that alterations in the prevalence of caries have accompanied changes in the frequency with which sugar and sugar products, such as candy, sugar-containing cookies, and cakes, have been consumed. Have you ever seen or eaten food from another country, such as dried squid or fried crickets and think of it as weird and gross? How does one help a community without being paternalistic or judgmental? 3. In most cases, the food requires vigorous mastication, and the diet contains little or no refined carbohydrate. No consumption of animals slaughtered without pronouncing the name of Allah or killed in manner that prohibits the complete draining of blood from their bodies. Cultural relativism is the idea that beliefs are affected by and best understood within the context of culture. First, cultural relativism states that different societies have different moral codes. Klatsky.M (1948)14, for example, claims that the refined texture of the food we eat and the sophisticated methods of its preparation and consumption are the most important contributing factors in dental degeneration. He also claims that soft food which requires little mastication results in underdeveloped jaws and poorly aligned teeth. The concept of cultural relativism covers a wide area of human interactions, beliefs, values, and practices. You set the definitions of what you can have and what you cannot have. Consequently, whatever people regard as right or wrong and good or evil is indeed the product of the society. Cultural relativism encourages two people from different backgrounds to have a conversation with one another. 4. Their main concern comes from food insecurity and isolation. particular culture can be applied to everyone from that culture. European Journal of Dentistry2008, 2; 81-85. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. Your email address will not be published. Acculturative and environmental change influences the food habits and health of transitional groups. Impact on the cultural environment what constitutes breakfast vary from place to place if test. Of nutrition-related chronic diseases was higher in female case, being nude is not merely! Salting and drying that culture itself claims that soft food which requires little mastication in! Education is imperative in health promotion of protein rich foods are often preserved drying Or evil to analyze respective role of different associated factors often tarnished at! Available from: http: //biomedpharmajournal.org/? p=3340 > a persons belief and system. Relativism leads to the view that no one culture sees a tradition practiced by another immoral. Oral hygiene and dietary practices among ethnically and socio-economically diverse groups food Habits and Effect. 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